Tungsten disulfide is commonly known by its chemical formula, WS2. Tungsten disulfide can be used as a dry lubricant for mechanical parts, and is often preferred because it can be used within a wide range of temperatures and will not introduce contaminants into the machinery.

Sandblasting equipment can be used to apply the lubricant. Otherwise, WS2 can be applied with a buffing wheel. If the WS2 can be mixed with wet lubricants in your application, it may be added to oil or other lubricants. If you are applying WS2 to small parts, a tumbler may be used.

Instructions

Buffing

1
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

2
Mix the tungsten disulfide powder with rubbing alcohol in a small glass jar. Start by pouring in just a small amount of alcohol and mixing thoroughly with a spoon. Keep pouring more alcohol until you have a grey paste.

3
Spread the paste onto the part and the buffing wheel. Allow them some time to dry thoroughly.

4
Turn on the wheel and press the part up against it, turning the part and buffing it until the part is coated a grey color.

Tumbling

5
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

6
Put several of your small parts or bullets into the empty aspirin bottle.

7
Fill the bottle three-quarters of the way up with tungsten disulfide.

8
Place the bottle in the tumbler. Turn the tumbler on for approximately five hours.

Add Tungsten Disulfide to Lubrication

9
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

10
Mix some tungsten disulfide in with fresh lubrication, oil or grease.

11
Grease the part, change the oil oar and apply the new lubrication. The tungsten disulfide will slowly coat the parts as the lubrication moves through the machinery.

Sand Blasting

12
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

13
Blast the part with a light layer of aluminum oxide.

14
Clean the part off with a clean soft cloth so there is no trace of aluminum oxide powder.

15
Set the sand blaster to 120 PSI and to cold pneumatic air. Blast the tungsten disulfide onto the part until the part becomes a silver-grey color.

16
Clean the excess tungsten disulfide dust off with another clean cloth. Do not rub too hard or you will remove the powder.

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Tungsten jewelry has gained popularity due to both the modern look that the metal provides and its ability to resist scratching and bending.

Characteristics
Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a gray transition metal that is mined in Europe, North America, South America and Asia. Along with its use in jewelry, the element is also used in electric lamps, X-rays and in the development of spacecraft.

Jewelry
In its raw state, tungsten is a very brittle metal that can be easily cut with a hacksaw. In order to create jewelry such as a ring or bracelet from tungsten, it must be strengthened. This is achieved by combining tungsten powder with carbon and another metal such as nickel or cobalt.

Use
Due to the weight of tungsten jewelry, it is not typically used in earrings and pendants. It is more common to find tungsten carbide in rings, bracelets and watches. Jewelry made from tungsten will resist scratching, bending and stretching better than gold or silver.

Appearance
Tungsten carbide jewelry features a darker hue that can be polished to resemble hematite. When mixed with nickel, the resulting appearance is similar to that of platinum.

Care
Due to the metal's ability to maintain shape and shine over time, very little care is required for tungsten jewelry. Retailers of tungsten carbide jewelry caution against cleaning with chemicals or with ultrasonic cleaners, suggesting soap and water instead.

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Tungsten carbide has become one of the more popular nontraditional rings. Known for its strength and durability, the symbolism of tungsten carbide in wedding rings is undeniable. However, there are a number of rings on the market that are made using cobalt, rather than tungsten carbide, and that can create an entirely different sort of ring.

Tungsten Carbide
Tungsten carbide in its normal form is nothing more than a powder. Both tungsten powder and carbide powder have to be brought together and forged at very high temperatures to create the necessary bond that will result in a tungsten carbide ring. This process can be difficult and expensive, but it yields a high-quality product that will last for a long time.

Cobalt
Many rings that claim to be tungsten carbide are actually cobalt and carbide, or a mixture of tungsten, cobalt and carbide. Cobalt is much easier to form a bond with, and the forging can be done at a lower temperature for less cost.

Effects
There are a lot of downsides that come along with a tungsten carbide ring that has cobalt in it. For one thing, while you wear it, the cobalt in the ring will react with the natural oils produced by your skin. Cobalt rings will change your skin color, and over time they'll develop permanent oxidation spots that you'll never be able to scrub away. The rings might look nice at first, but within a week to a month depending on how much you wear it, the chemical reactions will occur and ruin its look.

Signs
There aren't many ways to tell just by looking at a ring whether or not it's pure tungsten carbide or a tungsten carbide and cobalt combination. The price is one of the most telling features, because rings made with cobalt are usually cheaper in price. The best way to make sure that you have a genuine tungsten carbide ring is to get a guarantee from the manufacturer, so that if your ring does have cobalt in it you can get replacement at little or no charge.

Finish
Tungsten carbide rings are extremely strong and durable, and the same goes for their "permanent" finish. Pure tungsten carbide rings don't dent, scratch or lose their shine very easily. A tungsten carbide ring with cobalt in it will, however, so if you've bought a tungsten carbide ring that's lost its shine, even after a thorough cleaning, chances are there's cobalt in it. 

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Sterling silver and tungsten are both becoming popular jewelry choices, especially in wedding rings. Both of these strong metals have pros and cons that should be considered before purchasing, but both make for attractive rings and jewelry.

Scratch Resistance
Rings made from stainless steel and tungsten are both difficult to scratch and damage. Tungsten, however, should hold a shine indefinitely once it is polished, whereas stainless steel may become dull.

Removal
Unlike stainless steel rings, tungsten rings cannot be cut off in the event of an emergency. Tungsten rings can be removed quickly if necessary, but they must be cracked and broken off rather than cut.

Resizing
Neither tungsten nor stainless steel rings can be re-sized. They must be replaced if they become too loose or too tight over time.

Allergies
Stainless steel rings can trigger an allergic reaction if they contain nickel. This is not an issue with tungsten rings.

Availability
Stainless steel rings can be more difficult to find at local jewelry stores as it is only starting to become popular in jewelry.

Weight
Tungsten rings are much heavier than rings made from stainless steel and most other materials.

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There are grounds for optimism that the Dodd Frank Act will contribute to the Congressional objective of promoting peace and security in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

Section 1502 of the 2010 US Dodd-Frank Act is lauded by its advocates as a progressive regulatory framework which will help prevent company complicity in a vicious cycle of mineral-fuelled conflict in eastern DRC. Critics have derided Section 1502 as an unworkable burden on business and claimed that it will harm local livelihoods in one of the world's most underdeveloped regions. Whatever the intended - and unintended - consequences of the groundbreaking legislation, Section 1502 will introduce significant additional compliance costs. Given that the minerals covered under the Act feed into a wide array of consumer goods from mobile phones, to jewellery and to coffee machines, the legislation is important to consumers as well.

There are concerns that Section 1502 will not be effective in stemming the flow of mineral revenues to armed groups, given widespread cross-border smuggling into states with a weak regulatory framework (such as Rwanda and Burundi) and into countries not covered by the legislation (such as Kenya). The prevalence of endemic corruption in the region and the massive technical challenge of ensuring effective traceability policies may also mean mineral revenues continue to perpetuate conflict.

In addition, the brief November 2012 capture of Goma (the capital of North Kivu and a regional trade hub) by the M23 rebel group, and the continuing presence of the insurgents in the region, will make it even more difficult for companies to source minerals from eastern DRC. With the M23 rebels threatening to expand their campaign and even march on Kinshasa, the extremely uncertain outlook could make responsible mineral sourcing from large parts of North Kivu unviable for the foreseeable future.

Although the Dodd-Frank Act was passed in 2010, it took the US Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) until August 2012 to publish its controversial final rules implementing the legislation. With the Act due to come into force from January 1 2013, an estimated 6,000 companies listed with the SEC will need to be transparent about the source of columbite-tantalite (or 'coltan'), cassiterite, wolframite, gold and their derivatives (namely tantalum, tin and tungsten) used in their products and manufacturing processes.

While it will not become illegal for the affected companies to use minerals which perpetuate conflict in DRC, the reputational damage of making such a disclosure in annual reports due from May 31, 2014, should act as a significant deterrent. As a result, the transparency requirements will cascade down supply chains from US-listed companies to suppliers across the world.

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M23 rebels in DR Congo have threatened to march to the capital and depose the government. UN reports confirm that rebels receive support from key US allies in the region, and Washington's role in the conflict has become difficult to ignore.

Instability, lawlessness and violence are nothing new to those who live in the troubled eastern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. An estimated 6.9 million Congolese have perished since 1996 in a spate of ceaseless military conflicts that have long gripped this severely-overlooked and underreported region. In late November 2012, members of the M23 rebel group invaded and took control of Goma, a strategic provincial capital in North Kivu state with a population of 1 million people, with the declared purpose of marching to the nation’s capital, Kinshasa, to depose the ruling government.

M23's president, Jean Marie Runiga, later agreed to withdraw only if the ruling President Joseph Kabila listened to the group's grievances and adhered to their demands. Rebel leaders have threatened to abandon peace talks unless Kinshasa signs an official ceasefire, a demand the government dismissed as unnecessary.

Kinshasa called on M23 to respect previous agreements to withdraw 20km outside of Goma in a move to prevent the region falling back into war after two decades of conflict, fought largely over the DRC’s vast wealth of tungsten,copper, cobalt diamonds, gold and coltan.

The United Nation’s peacekeeping mission in DR Congo has come under fire for allowing M23 to take Goma without firing a single shot, despite the presence of 19,000 UN troops in the country. The UN’s Congo mission is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping operation, costing over US$1 billion a year. UN forces recently announced they would introduce the use of surveillance drones over the DRC, in addition to imposing a travel ban and asset freeze on M23 leader Jean-Marie Runiga and Lt. Col. Eric Badege.

A confidential 44-page report issued by a United Nations panel accused the governments of neighboring Rwanda and Uganda of supporting M23 with weapons, ammunition and Rwandan military personnel. Despite both nations denying these accusations, the governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and the Netherlands have publicly suspended military aid and developmental assistance to Rwanda. The governments of both Rwanda and Uganda, led by President Paul Kagame and President Yoweri Museveni respectively, have long been staunch American allies and the recipients of millions in military aid.

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Arthur R. Segal, age 101, passed away at 9:50 a.m. Saturday (January 12, 2013) in Memorial Hospital & Health Care Center in Jasper.

He was born June 30, 1911 at Kansas City, Missouri to Henry and Ada (Bennett) Segal. He married Mildred “Millie” Hebrank October 25, 1935 in the Evangelical Church in Highland, Illinois. She preceded him in death March 14, 2011.

After high school, Arthur served his apprenticeship training at the United States Radiator Corporation and then as an engineering draftsman at the Laclede Steel Company at Alton, IL. He saved most of his earning so that he could attend college.

In 1942, Arthur started his own company, North American Products Corporation, designing and manufacturing the first mechanically held, solid carbide blades for the high-speed machining of metals. At the time, the development of the new cutting tool metal known as Tungsten Carbide, was at the leading edge of industrial technology and was of high importance for the nation’s war effort. Arthur worked closely with Phillip McKenna, who had been an associate at Kearney and Trecker, and who later founded the Kennametal Corporation.

After the war, Arthur began experimenting with the design and manufacturing of tools for machining materials other than metals. This resulted in the development of the first Tungsten Carbide circular saw blade, a product which would rapidly replace the use of solid steel blades due to their long production life and increased accuracy. Mr. Segal developed the first carbide tipped saw blades for cutting wood, hard plastics and plastic laminates and he held patents on many of the basic carbide tipped tool designs now commonly used in industrial production.

While the company initially grew on the basis of its innovative tooling designs, North American Products began opening carbide tool sharpening and sales divisions in many stated and eventually, in foreign countries. The company’s first tool sharpening division was located in Jasper, IN in 1957, and the company moved its headquarters and manufacturing facilities to Jasper in 1959.

Along with growing and operating the business, Arthur wrote technical articles for various industrial and scientific publications. He also presented papers and seminars at numerous universities regarding the design, machining and manufacturing of Tungsten Carbide cutting tools.

He served as a director of the Wood Machinery Manufacturing Associations (WMMA), and also as a director for the associations industrial Fair Board. He directed the association’s noise control research program in coordination with Wylie Research Laboratories in Huntsville, AL. Arthur also represented the association in regard to product liability legislation in Washington D.C. In 1966, he was a U.S. representative to the United Nations Technical Industrial Production Conference in Vienna, Austria.

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As Asian and Western countries make giant strides in mobile technology, there are a number of African techpreneurs who feel the continent has the potential to make its own original devices. Given the dominance of imported gadgets, the challenges for home-grown devices are real yet innovators still have hope.

Let us ponder this scenario: Apple is a big brand in America, while Samsung and Huawei are highly recognised in their respective continents. In Africa, we are yet to stand tall with devices engineered here for now. But one notable observation is that Africa is a main source of some rare precious minerals that are important in the manufacture of the devices.

The Democratic Republic of Congo alone supplies almost 70 per cent of the world’s tantalum metal which is an ingredient in all phones. The country has substantial reserves of columbite-tantalite or coltan, cassiterite, wolframite and gold. Coltan is the ore from which tantalum is extracted, while cassiterite produces tin.

Tantalum is a vital metal in the manufacture of compact and high performance capacitors found in electronic gadgets like mobile phones, laptops, tablets and gaming consoles.

Wolframite is the metal ore for tungsten used in vibration circuits of mobile phones.

Tin is a major ingredient in solder which is commonly used on electronic circuit boards. Gold is also present in some electronic products.

It is in the DRC that we find one of the up-coming techpreneur with ambitions of putting African home-grown devices on the tech-map. Verone Mankou, a Congolese entrepreneur has smartphones and tablets engineered in Congo. His tech-startup, VMK, boasts of a flagship tablet called Way-C and a smartphone called elikia.

VMK is derived from Vumbuka which is a word in Congo that captures the phrase ‘wake up’. Could it be a wake-up call for Africa to come up with home-grown mobile devices?

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ForeverMetals.com, the leading retailer of wedding bands online, is proud to inform that they now have a complete line of white tungsten wedding rings both for men and women. Even if tungsten rings are relatively renowned and make up roughly one third of all men’s wedding rings traded in US alone, there are a few inherent issues regarding this superb metal. This metal is inclined to be a little grayer in color, which is far from silver, platinum and palladium when it comes to appearance. There are many clients who wish their rings made from tungsten carbide could have a similar color as platinum and white gold. Now with advances in technology this has been made possible. Soon to be couples are drawn to the stunning white metal appearance of platinum which white tungsten has, according to Forever Metals.

A lot of couples yearn for their engagement ring or wedding band to seem like white gold or platinum. With white tungsten, you can have the lavish appearance of platinum, at a portion of the cost. Unlike the usual way of plating, this extraordinary procedure will not wear down. White Tungsten is an ideal choice for couples seeking the traditional look of precious metals while having the durability of tungsten carbide.

Forever Metals offers one of the largest collections of tungsten carbide rings. At Forever Metals, they strive to give the best service for their customer to make their buying experience informative and hassle free. Along with offering the best products and services, Forever Metals also provides the affordable prices.

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Tungsten is an element. It its pure form, it is a soft light grey or whitish metal. It has a number of practical uses, both in its pure form and as an alloy. However, tungsten is typically not found in pure form; it is instead processed from minerals, usually wolframite or scheelite. Although making a completely positive identification of a mineral is difficult without professional experience, these particular minerals have many properties that anyone can examine to determine whether a specimen is likely one of them.

Instructions

1
Examine the mineral. Wolframite ranges from black or greyish black to brown, is opaque and is slightly metallic. Scheelite is more varied; it can be tan to dark brown, golden to pale yellow, brownish yellow, reddish yellow, greenish, colorless or white. Its crystals can be transparent or opaque, and they have a shiny or glassy appearance.

2
Rub the mineral against a streak plate, a piece of plain white unglazed porcelain. Wolframite leaves a reddish brown color on a streak plate. Scheelite makes a white streak, which may be difficult to see.

3
Scratch the mineral with the steel nail, which has a Mohs hardness of about 5. (The Mohs scale measures the hardness of minerals relative to one another.) Wolframite and sheelite each have a Mohs hardness of 4.5, so the nail will leave a mark on either.

4
Examine the other minerals that may have formed on your specimen. Wolframite often develops with topaz and quartz. Scheelite often develops with tremolite, tourmaline, topaz, vesuvianite, cassiterite, fluorite, diopside and apatite. In addition, wolframite and scheelite are often found together.

5
Measure the crystal's specific gravity -- its weight in comparison with its volume. This measurement can be taken in many ways, but all require special equipment or calculations for accuracy. However, this is a good way to identify minerals. The specific gravity of wolframite is 7.40 grams per cubic centimeter. The specific gravity of scheelite is 6.01 grams per cubic centimeter. If you do not have access to such equipment, heft the sample in your palm. Both minerals should feel fairly heavy for their size.

6
Place a magnet on a mineral thought to be wolframite. Wolframite contains iron, making it slightly metallic.

7
Shine a UV light on a mineral thought to be scheelite. Scheelite fluoresces bright white-blue under a UV light if it is very pure, and creamy yellow if it contains molybdenum.

8
Drip a small amount of diluted hydrochloric acid on the specimen. If it is scheelite, the acid will decompose it into a yellow powder.

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