Applications of Tungsten Alloy in the Nuclear Medicine Field

Tungsten alloys has excellent radiation attenuation properties, allowing the thickness of shields to be reduced, while still effectively blocking harmful X-ray and gamma radiation.

Radiation is an effective tool within medicine for both diagnostics and treatment of patients. Techniques such as SPECT and PET utilise radioactive materials injected into the patient, which are then monitored by gamma cameras (SPECT) or scanners (PET) to detect the presence of tumours in the body.

One of the commonly used radioactive materials in nuclear medicine is technetium 99 (Tc99). This is produced in a tungsten Tc99 generator, which contains a radioactive core, loaded with molybdenum 99 which decays to produce Tc99. This is mixed with sodium chloride and other chemicals before being injected into patients. The tungsten provides protection to the clinical staff handling the Tc99generator.

In external radiotherapy tungsten multi-leaf collimators can accurately focus beams of radiation to target cancerous cells. In internal methods such as brachytherapy radioactive seeds can be implanted directly into a tumour.  Prior to delivery, the seeds are held in a Wolfmet tungsten safe to protect medical staff from the radiation.

For all these methods there is a need to carefully control the emission of radiation; to protect those working with potentially harmful isotopes and to ensure that treatments effectively kill off cancerous cells, without harming healthy tissue.



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Manufacture of Semifinished Tungsten Products

Tungstic acid is obtained by wet chemical methods from the flotation concentrate. Starting materials for the production of metallic tungsten powder are:
 
Ammonium paratungstate
Tungstic acid
Tungsten trioxide and
Tungsten blue oxide
 
These materials are reduced to tungsten powder in hydrogen at a temperature around 1000℃.
 
Following screening and homogenizing, the tungsten powder is pressed into rods, plates and shapes of different geometry and dimensions by conventional or isostatic pressing. The pressed compacts are then sintered in high purity hydrogen at temperatures of about 2500℃.
 
By forging, swaging or rolling at temperatures of 1500-1600℃, the sintered tungsten bars and blocks are heavily worked. With increasing degree of deformation, the working temperatures can be lowered. Forgings, rods, sheets of different thicknesses, ribbons, foils and wires are made in this manner.
 
 
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Tungsten Became More Important in Our Life

With the rapid development of the science and technology, Wright brother’s the dream has become a reality. Humans are exploring the deeper of the universe. The tungsten and molybdenum can resist corrosion and high temperature with wider working temperature and less creep deformation. They has been an essential building block of technology in the aerospace.
With the increasing of our living level, the car has became an integral of the people’s life. It makes the molybdenum and tungsten into the ordinary family in a new form with you every day.
 
Over 25 years specializing in manufacturing and exporting tungsten and molybdenum products, Zhengzhou Sanhui Co., Ltd is a top refractory metals company in central China. Its sales department is located in Zhengzhou where is a traffic hug in China. Its research and development ,production department are set in Luoyang, where is rich in minerals such as tungsten and molybdenum, and other refractory. We have accumulated strengths to products and services of first class quality and gain good reputation and trusts from customers all over the world. 
 
 
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Tungsten Eye Fishing Sinkers

Tungsten eye fishing sinkers with two eyes resemble rubber core fishing sinkers while there is no groove through the centre. These are mostly used on boats for mooching rigs or trolling lures. However, it can work similarly from piers or shore. In most cases, it's a good way to get a lure out farther on windy days, and the extra weight will suspend the lure closer to the bottom when in the choppy water. What is more, it is more aerodynamic and you can cast to the distance as you willing to.

Tungsten eye fishing sinkers with one eye pretty like the two eye ones, but one eye fishing sinkers only have one eye. One eye fishing sinker, also known as a torpedo, is a great sinker for windy days, probably the best casting sinker of them. It holds bottom terribly, however, and can hang up just as badly as the other.

But it is a good sinker to use with a sliding sleeve because it lifts the slider off the bottom enough to facilitate the smooth movement of the leader line.

Just like the rubber core fishing sinkers, tungsten eye fishing sinkers are generally made of lead before. And now, the environment protection material tungsten based alloy has an enthusiastic reaction because the lead is commonly labeled environment hazard.


eye-fishing-sinkers


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The Processing of Tungsten Alloy

Tungsten alloy also named tungsten heavy alloy. The tungsten alloy weight is more than 2 times than iron or steel. Tungsten alloy illustrate the advantage of the microencapsulated powders. Tungsten alloy generally are refractory which have two-phase composite. 
Tungsten has very high melting point and have a density twice that steel and are more than 50% heavier than lead. Tungsten content in conventional tungsten alloys varies from 90 to 98 weight percent and is the reason for the high weight. Nickel iron and coper service as a metal binder matrix, which holds the brittle tungsten together which make tungsten soft and easy to machine.
 
The popular processing of prepare tungsten alloy including desired amount of elemental tungsten, iron, nickel, or copper power. Followed by cold pressing and liquid phase to almost density. The as-sintered material often is subjected to thermo mechanical processing by swaging and aging, which resulting in increased strength and hardness in the tungsten alloys.
 
The majority use of tungsten are best satisfied with W-Ni-Fe system. The addition of cobalt to W-Ni-Fe alloy is a common approach for slight enhancement of both strength and ductility.       
 
The presence of cobalt within the tungsten alloy provides solid-solution strengthening of the binder and the slightly enhanced tungsten tungsten-matrix interfacial strength. Cobalt additions of 5 to 15% of the nominal binder weight fraction arc most common. 
 
 
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Brief Introduction of W-Re Thermocouple

W-Re thermocouple is one kind of tungsten products. Thermo-emf output conforms to the ASTM standard. W-Re thermocouple is one kind of thermocouple which can resist high temperature.
 
Chemical composition of W-Re thermocouple:
 
  W Re, (Positive) W Re, (negative)
Element Re W Re W
Content,wt% 3.00 balance 25.00 balance
 
Characteristics and applications of W-Re thermocouple:
 
W-Re thermocouple is featured by good linear relationship between temperature and electric potential, reliable thermal stability and cheap price.
 
As a replacement of Pt/PtRh, the W-Re thermocouple can be used in the steel making furnace for temperature measurement. As expansible thermocouple, the W-Re thermocouple costs only as low as one tenth of the Pt/PtRh one. Also the upper limit of the measured temperature with W-Re couple is about 1000℃ which is higher than that of Pt/PtRh couple.
 
W-Re thermocouple is easily oxidized, so it is suitably used in inert or dry hydrogen.
 
 
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Brief Introduction of Tungsten Electrode

Brief introduction:
 
Tungsten alloy bars are made from tungsten matrix blended with 0.3%-5% of rare earth elements, such as cerium, thorium, lanthanum, yttrium, zirconium, by powder metallurgy method. Tungsten electrode is made of the tungsten alloy bar by pressure processing. Tungsten electrodes with the diameter of 1mm, 1.6mm, 2.4mm and 3.2mm are most commonly used. The shape of tungsten electrode end is an important factor for TIG.
 
Tungsten has high melting point, strong electron emission ability, high elastic modulus and low vapor pressure, so tungsten electrode was used as thermal electron emission material early.
The shape of tungsten electrode tip is an important factor for TIG.
 
Characteristics of tungsten electrode:
Tungsten welding electrode has excellent welding performance, great arc starting capacity with good arc stability, low electrode burning loss, long service life, free of slag and splashing and high welding quality.
Tungsten electrode plays an important role in tungsten argon arc welding of arc, arc stability and welding quality.
 
Applications of tungsten electrode:
 
Tungsten electrode is used for inert gas protection arc welding, plasmacutting, spray-coating and furnace melting.
Surface conditions of tungsten electrode:
Grinding, cleaning, electrolysis polishing, drawing or forging.
Tungsten electrodes are used in the application scope of TIG welding.
 
Type, compositions and colors:
Type compositions colors
added oxide% substances substances% tungsten%
W     <0.20 99.8 green
WT4 0.35--0.55 THO2 <0.20 remaining blue
WT10 0.8--1.20 THO2 <0.20 remaining yellow
WT20 1.70--2.20 THO2 <0.20 remaining red
WT30 2.80--3.20 THO2 <0.20 remaining violet
WT40 3.80--4.20 THO2 <0.20 remaining orange
WZ3 0.15--0.50 ZrO2 <0.20 remaining brown
WZ8 0.70--0.90 ZrO2 <0.20 remaining white
WL10 0.90--1.20 LaO2 <0.20 remaining black
WC20 1.80--2.20 CeO2 <0.20 remaining grey

2. Specifications (mm)

Diameter Length
1.0  150              175
1.6
2.0
2.4
3.2       6.3
4.0       8.0
5.0     10.0

 

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Tungsten Rubber Core Fishing Sinkers

Tungsten rubber core fishing sinkers have a groove like a split shot and two tabs also called ears on each end of the sinker. Rubber core tungsten fishing sinkers resemble the oval and American football shape .The line is placed in the centre groove, and the tabs are for fixing the line in place by twisting the line in opposite directions, finally wrapping the line around the rubber core. If you want to release the line, just twist the two tabs in reverse. Rubber core fishing sinkers can quickly be added or removed and do not brake the line.

Rubber core fishing sinkers have many applications. The common applications is using a small 1/8 ounce version for live bait offerings, or adding a large sinker when trolling long-lines to help baits run at greater depths.

Lead is widely used as the materials for this type of tungsten fishing sinkers. However, there are more and more alternatives come out because of its toxic property. The environmental friendly materials tungsten alloys are more widely used. As the high density of tungsten alloy, tungsten alloy rubber core fishing sinkers are about 30 percent smaller than lead ones. So that it is delighting to achieve desired weight with a small volume.

Rubber-core-fishing-sinkers


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Multileaf Collimators to Match Every Shape

In order to target radiation precisely to the diseased tissue, it is necessary to use multileaf collimators.

First of all, X-ray images are produced to determine the precise position and outline of the tumor. Following this 3-dimensional measurement, an electric motor moves each individual leaf in the collimator to the correct position – with up to 120 leaves being used to shape the outline of the tumor with millimeter accuracy. Then, the tumor is exposed to high energy radiation. During this process, the tumor is radiated by turning the gantry with the multileaf collimator 360° around the patient. To protect the surrounding healthy tissue, a highly precise multileaf collimator is necessary. To protect the environment from unwanted radiation, different shielding parts are widely used.



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High Energy Radiation Shielding

Applications of tungsten  alloy include collimators for the medical industry, shielding blocks, oil well logging tools and instrumentation and nuclear equipment.

Tungsten alloy is an excellent material for use in radiation shielding (high energy photonic). and they are most popularly used for this application. These alloys are excellent materials for shielding and collimation due to their combination of radiographic density, machinability, strength, and low toxicity. Tungsten Heavy Alloy offers a superior protection level to lead in an equivalent thickness and, unlike lead, resists deformation and can be accurately fastened.



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