A tungsten light bulb refers generally to incandescent light bulbs, which are lights that generate light by heating a metal wire or filament with electricity until it becomes white hot and glows.

Definition
Tungsten light bulbs are named for the metal tungsten, a gray material that has an extremely high melting point. Because of its high melting point and its strength, it makes for a good filament in light bulbs. A filament is a metal wire that glows when electricity is channeled into it. Light bulbs that use this method to generate light with heat are called incandescent lights.

Popular in Photography
Tungsten light bulbs and other incandescent bulbs are often used in photography as an alternative to flash lights because the continuous light they provide allows photographers to see shadows. They pose some challenges, however. When used in a studio, the bulbs can make the room extremely warm. Since the light given off by tungsten bulbs is of a lower temperature than the sun, outdoor film is unsuitable for use with the lighting. Instead, photographers use special tungsten film or use a tungsten filter on the light or camera lens to make the colors in photographs appear more natural.

History
The history of tungsten light bulbs dates back more than 100 years. Modern tungsten light bulbs were developed by General Electric around 1906. Before that, inventors experimented with many other kinds of light bulbs with alternative filaments. However, other materials had lower melting points and did not last as long as tungsten bulbs.

Burning Out
Over time, tungsten filaments can wear out. The repeated heating of the metal causes it to slowly evaporate. The wire slowly gets thinner and more fragile until it breaks, either spontaneously or by jostling. If you drop a bulb and the glass doesn't break, shake it. If you hear a rattling sound, that means the tungsten filament wire has snapped and the two ends are slapping against each other.

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For many years, sport anglers relied on lead weights to carry their lures to the bottom of a lake or river. However, biologists discovered that the toxic nature of lead posed a threat to aquatic life. Lost lead weights had begun to pollute the lakes and rivers. Fortunately, a safer alternative was found and, today, lead weights have been largely replaced by tungsten. If you are using a tungsten weight, you should paint it to camouflage the shiny surface before casting your line in the water.

Instructions

1
Clean the tungsten weight with a cloth and some rubbing alcohol. Allow it to dry.

2
Paint the weight in the color you've selected. Use enamel metal paint and a small paintbrush or strong nail polish and a nail polish brush. Let dry thoroughly. Apply a second coat.

3
Inspect your collection of tungsten weights before each fishing trip. Over time, the paint will begin to flake with repeated use. When this happens, sand off the flaking paint and reapply a new coat of paint, following the steps described above.

Tips & Warnings
Tungsten is a very dense and strong metal. Because the surface of a tungsten weight is so strong and smooth, the surface cannot be roughed up using normal tools and the paint will not adhere to the surface as well as it would to other metals.

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Tungsten film is used for studio photography. The color temperature of average daylight is 5,000 degrees Kelvin. The term "tungsten" refers to a color temperature of 3,200 degrees Kelvin. Therefore, tungsten film is designed to be used under studio lights of the same color temperature, called tungsten lights. If you use tungsten film outdoors instead of under tungsten lights, your photos will have a blue cast. Similarly, if you use a different type of film under tungsten lights, your photos will have a gold cast.

Instructions

1
Store your tungsten film in a dark location so it is not damaged by light.

2
Open the back of your camera and, while still in a dark location, place the tungsten film into the cylinder hub so it clicks in place and pull the leader of the film until it wraps slightly around the hub on the other end of the camera.

3
Close the back of the camera, turn the camera on and listen to the film load. If you do not hear a loading noise, you may have to open the camera and pull the leader a bit farther. Once the film is loaded, turn your camera off until you are ready to use it.

4
Situate your subject or props in the area where you plan to take photographs in your studio.

5
Set up your three tungsten lights on stands so your subject or props are evenly lit. You may have to move around the lights and raise and lower the stands until you reach the perfect lighting. Use light umbrellas if the lights are too bright for your space.

6
Turn on your camera and take photos as you normally would. When your film roll is complete, store it in a dark location and follow Steps 2-3 to reload your camera with another roll.

Tips & Warnings
Tungsten film can be purchased in most photography supply stores and is developed in the same way as any other type of film.

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Tungsten Iridium Stream Mouth
                  ---a special tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) part
The tungsten iridium stream mouth is as a special tungsten heavy alloy with other refractory metals. It mainly uses in rare-earth metal smelting, the induction furnace heating element, the quartz glass smelting and so on, makes the high temperature vessel.

In the glass and the ceramic industry, the tungsten class mouth is a ceramic micro production very essential part. The tungsten proportion is big, degree of hardness is big, the heat conduction electric conductivity good, heat-resisting, wear-resisting, anti-corrosive, has the low expansibility and the size stability under the high temperature. The tungsten melting point is highest when all metals (reaches as high as 3380 degrees Celsius), the steam tension to be lowest, the tensile strength is highest (1650°C), and its antiseptic property is good, the majority inorganic acid are very small to its corrosion.

Therefore it when manufactures the heavy metal alloy is ideal. But the tungsten and the iridium make the alloy, its abrasion resistance, degree of hardness, the intensity, the heatproof quality obtained the further promotion, thus has guaranteed the product uniformity well. Is precisely these precious performance, causes it to become now in the high-tech crystal glass industry the indispensable equipment component.

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Nowadays, tungsten heavy alloy is increasingly adopted as the raw material to make parts of military products, such as bullet, armor and shells, shrapnel head, grenade, hunting gun, bullet warheads,bulletproof vehicles, tank panzers, cannons, firearms, etc. A major use for tungsten heavy alloys is in kinetic energy penetrators, where they are in direct competition with depleted uranium (DU).

Recent investigations conducted at the Army Research Laboratory show that DU’s superior properties resulted from its ability to localize shear during ballistic penetration events. Therefore, it was argued that if localized shear can be imparted to tungsten heavy alloys, these alloys would exhibit penetration performance matching that of depleted uranium (which had become an environmental problem).

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Dart Sets

A dart comprises of four basic parts, a point, a barrel, a shaft (or stem) and a flight. Of these four parts, the most crucial one is the barrel. This is the part of the dart you grip when you throw and it also gives the dart its weight. The shape of the barrel will vary depending on where the weight is concentrated. If the barrel is the same thickness all the way down the weight is distributed evenly, a torpedo style barrel is heavier at the front and a barrel which is thicker in the center has the majority of its weight concentrated there.

Tungsten Alloy Darts billets & Barrels

Tungsten is denser than brass, in other words if you had two equal amounts in volume of tungsten and brass, then the tungsten would be twice as heavy (2.15 to be exact). The advantage of this is you can achieve the same weight as a thick brass barrel, but the tungsten barrel would be a lot slimmer. This would be a lot more beneficial to a competent dart player as this leaves a lot more room in the treble bed when darts are grouped closely together, making scoring easier.

Tungsten Darts

Tungsten darts come in a variety of weights from about 16 grams up to around 30 grams. It is important when choosing a set of darts that you get the opportunity to try out as many as possible before deciding on a set. The main thing is you feel comfortable when throwing them. Once you find those perfect darts, it may be an idea to purchase an additional identical set just in case they get lost or stolen. If your game does go a little stale or you are striving for improvement, don't be afraid to change your darts.

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Shotgun Ammunition : What is it?

Shotgun ammunition are the bullets or shells used in shotguns. They are driven out of their shells when the shotgun is fired. They are usually available in the form of big, lead slugs or as cartridges made up of hundreds of tiny, lead pellets ideal for hunting birds. A single projectile contained in a shotgun shell is called a slug, while a shell filled with multiple pellets is called a shot.

Types Of Shotgun Ammunitions

Kinds of Shotgun Ammunitions include the following:

Buckshot loads
Buckshot loads are shotgun shells that contain lead balls with a large diameter.
They are commonly used for self-defense and big game hunting.
They can contain up to up to 27 balls or pellets measuring .24 to .36 inch.
They are considered all-around defense shots because of their large lead pellets.
They come in different diameter sizes with 000, 00, 0, #1, and #4 being the most popular.
The larger models offer effective penetration and a greater range.
Those used by law enforcers offer fast follow-up shots instead of full power.

Birdshot loads
Birdshot loads are shotgun shells that contain pellets with a small diameter.
They are commonly used for bird and waterfowl hunting.
They are considered field loads.
They usually have poor stopping power, but they work well at close ranges, usually from 20 to 30 feet.
They are usually recommended for self-defense.
They behave like buckshot loads when shot at close range—they tend to be locked into the shotgun’s shot cup.

Rifted slug loads
Rifted slug loads are shotgun shells that contain bullets made of solid lead.
They are single projectiles similar to rifle bullets.
They have ridged sides that provide stability and rotation during flight.
They offer excellent stopping capabilities.
However, they do not offer accurate hits because they require carefully aiming.
They come in different types including sabot-type slugs, Foster, and Brenneke.
They are ideal for targeting shots in long distances.

Choosing Shotgun Ammunitions (Buying Tips)
Length: For a more powerful and accurate shooting, choose shotgun ammunition with a length of three-and-a-half inches or more. As a rule, the longer the shotgun ammo, the more powerful they are. The length of shotgun ammunition is measured in inches based on the firearm’s hull length.
Non-toxicity: Due to environmental issues, many states and areas prohibit the use of lead ammunition in waterfowl hunting and upland bird hunting. For environment-friendly shotgun ammunition, choose those made with non-toxic properties such as steel, tin, bismuth, tungsten-matrix, tungsten-iron, and tungsten-polymer materials.

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 1, Radiation shield, collimator, nuclear shielding, beams top, PET syringe shield, vial shield, isotope container, FDG container, multi leaf collimator ,

 2, Balanced part; tungsten sinker bar, heavy metal boring bar, yacht, sailboat, submarine and other vessels crank camshafts, holders for Well Logging, Racing Weights. vibration damping and dynamic balancing. Tungsten sinker bar,  Tungsten bucking bar, Tungsten boring bar, Tungsten Sinkers, tungsten alloy counterweights for golf and tungsten alloy dart parts spheres, cubes, and projectile shapes

 3, High-temperature die, Electro heat , brass and copper, Tooling for low-pressure die-casting of aluminums and brass, Hot upsetting dies, Filler rods for die repair,
upsetting anvil block, electrical rivet

 4, Shrapnel head; Penetrators

 5, Electrical contact;

 6, Balanced ball for missile and plane;  golf and tungsten alloy dart parts spheres, cubes, and projectile shapes

 7, Core for amour piercing bullet measurement

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Tungsten Products supplies a number of industries with a difficult-to-machine material--tungsten heavy alloys. The heavy alloy products produced by the company provide a special combination of density, mechanical strength, machinability, corrosion resistance and economy. Unfortunately, the positive aspects of this material can also provide some unique challenges during machining.

Randy Shank, Stellram service engineer, and Nick Gaten, global milling manager, recently improved Tungsten Products' machining operation with some new grades and geometries. A new high positive, -441 milling geometry, along with a shell mill using octagonal inserts, was tested on a rotary-wing aerospace part for reducing vibration and counterbalancing. This new geometry, designed for aluminum and titanium operations, provides freer cutting and reduces the "suction effect" normally associated with higher helical geometries.

Machining tungsten heavy alloy is similar to machining gray cast iron, because the material is highly abrasive, with the chips being discontinuous. Carbide tools should be used for milling, turning and drilling. Cutting speeds and feeds arc generally less than when machining cast iron, and the use of coolant is suggested for roughing but is not required when finishing. Unlike machining cast irons, where chipbreakers arc rarely needed, tungsten requires positive edges to prevent edge build-up.

Many of Tungsten Products' customers are in the medical and aerospace field and require extremely tight tolerances. Applications for these materials range from therapeutic medical radiation shielding, aerospace weights and counterbalances, helicopter rotor applications, and down hole logging, to recreational applications such as golfing, racing and firearms.

A new precision ground geometry from Stellram, the 3F, offered a perfect solution for some of the precision machining required on these components. The 3F, like the 441 milling geometry, is a high positive geometry with sharp edges and small nose radii. It is intended for high temperature alloys and aluminum.

This geometry, along with a new TiAIN grade, SP3 064, and a 0.003 inch nose radius, increased tool life by nine to 12 times. Another turning application with the same geometry and grade allowed a 20 percent increase in speed and a 50 percent increase in feed with 40 percent longer tool life.

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Tungsten Heavy Alloy products are offered as machinable blanks or as precision machined parts to customer specification and used in many different applications as listed below.

•Counterbalance for Vibration Dampening
•Aircraft control surfaces
•Helicopter rotor Systems
•Engine components
•Auto racing industry
•Ship ballasts
•Golf club weights
•Ordnance
•Fire arms
•Down hole logging-Sinker bars
•Boring bars
•Ordnance application
•Bucking Bars

Tungsten Heavy Alloy Ballast Weight
Tungsten Heavy Alloy is superior to lead in terms of durability, dimensional stability, density and low toxicity. Tungsten Heavy Alloy does not suffer from the radioactivity or high chemical reactivity of depleted uranium.

Aircraft counterbalance weights and inertial masses
Tungsten Heavy Alloy has been the preferred material in the aerospace industry for many years as counterbalance weight for ailerons, rudders, and elevator parts for fixed and rotary wing aircraft. Tungsten Heavy Alloy weights are typically machined to precise tolerances and are provided with a protective coating to the customer specification.

Down hole well logging casings and weights
Well logging is widely used in the oil and gas industry for the characterization of wells (formation analysis) and in the positioning of downhole equipment. Tungsten Heavy Alloy is an excellent casing material for down hole logging of oil and gas. Mechanical properties are very significant to the survivability of these rather large components.

Bucking Bars
Tungsten Heavy Alloy bucking bars are denser than steel, resulting in a bucking bar of the same weight but half the size. Bucking bars are used in rivet setting to upset the shank of the rivet. Tungsten Heavy Alloy bucking bars reduce the recoil when reflecting the impact back to the rivet shank.

Racing weights for chassis and skid plates
Tungsten Alloy is used by professional racing teams to fine-tune the chassis in a variety of racing forums. Tungsten Heavy Alloy offers up to 50% more weight in a given volume, with the added advantages of direct attachment via threaded holes and the freedom from deformation.

Boring bars and high stiffness tooling
The combined high density, high elastic (Young’s) modulus, and machinability of Tungsten Heavy Alloy make them ideal materials for chatter free boring bars and grinding quills. High extension rations are possible due to the high stiffness of this material. The high density of Tungsten Heavy Alloy makes for effective inertial damping of cutting induced vibration. Grade HA170 or HA175 Tungsten Heavy alloy are most commonly used.

Sporting goods for firearms and golf clubs
Tungsten Heavy Alloy concentrates maximum weight in the smallest possible space. Use in golf clubs and tennis rackets increases the sweet spot size and adds the stability while reducing shock and vibration for increased power and control. Counterbalance fine tuning and inertial masses to shift through center of gravity.

Ordnance
Tungsten Heavy Alloy has been used in high density fragmenting devices and armor piercing ammunition rounds.

Advantages of Tungsten Heavy Alloy’s Shielding
Use not subject to NRC, EPA, or special OSHA regulations
High radiation absorption (superior to lead)
Low toxicity-safer than lead or depleted uranium: simplified life cycle
Easily machined into complex geometries
Hardness, strength, and ductility make for good durability
Good corrosion resistance

Additional Industrial/Commercial/Medical Applications
Radiography
Nuclear power plant shielding
Nuclear medicine
Clinical point shielding
X-ray collimators and area shielding
Isotope production, transport, and containment
Oncology Isotopic and accelerator based platforms
Homeland Defense-
            Personal protection equipment for emergency responders
            Large container inspection devices

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