For the deepest penetrations, pure metals yield the best results, because they display the greatest ductility, hence postponing the breakup of the stretching jet into particles. In charges for oil-well completion, however, tungsten alloy shaped charge liner is essential that a solid slug or "carrot" not be formed, since it would plug the hole just penetrated and interfere with the influx of oil. In the petroleum industry, therefore, liners are generally fabricated by powder metallurgy, often of pseudo-alloys, which if tungsten alloy shaped charge liners un-sintered, yield jets that are composed mainly of dispersed fine metal particles.

During World War II, shaped charge liners were made of copper or steel, though other materials were tried or researched. The precision of the charge's construction and shaped charge liners detonation mode were both inferior to modern warheads. This lower precision caused the jet to curve and to break up at an earlier time and hence at a shorter distance. The resulting dispersion decreased the penetration depth for a given cone diameter and also shortened the optimum standoff distance. Since the charges were less effective at larger standoffs, side and turret skirts fitted to some German tanks to protect against Russian anti-tank rifle fire were fortuitously found to give the jet room to disperse and hence reduce its penetrating ability. Now most shaped charge liners are made of tungsten alloy.

The use of tungsten alloy shaped charge liners today may increase the penetration of some warheads. Due to constraints in the length of the projectile/missile, the built in stand-off on many warheads is not the optimum distance. The skirting effectively increases the distance between the amour and the target, providing the warhead with a more optimum standoff and greater penetration if the optimum stand-off is not drastically exceeded. Tungsten alloy shaped charge liners should not be confused with cage amour that is used to damage the fusing system of RPG-7 projectiles. The amour works by deforming the inner and outer orgies and shorting the firing circuit between the rocket's piezoelectric nose probe and rear fuse assembly. If the nose probe strikes the amour, the warhead will function as normal.

The spacing between the shaped charge liners and shaped charge liners target is critical, as there is an optimum standoff distance to achieve the deepest penetration. At short standoffs, the jet does not have room to stretch out, and at long standoffs, tungsten alloy shaped charge liners eventually breaks into particles, which then tend to drift off the shaped charge liners of axis and to tumble, so that the successive particles tend to widen rather than deepen the hole. At very long standoffs, velocity is lost to air drag, degrading penetration further.



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Tungsten alloy shielding is necessary for irradiation linac. Electrons caused by irradiation linac are shielded easily for having small exit range. But they can cause strong bremstrahlung, being resisting by components of irradiation linac, cable as irradiated target, barrier plate, floor or other materials. Maximum energy of bremmstrahlung is possible maximum electron energy. Generally, irradiation linac will not cause photonuclear reaction and induced radioactivity, if energy is no more than 10MeV. For that, bremsstrahlung (X-ray) is primary target which must be shielded for irradiation linac.

Emissivity of X-ray caused by irradiation linac is relevant to electron energy, beam intensity, atomic number of target material, thickness of target or other factors and it changes with exit angle. For definite target material Z and thickness of target, emissivity of X-ray which is corresponding to unity beam intensity increases significantly with the increasing energy of accelerated electron and angular distribution of emissivity also changes with the increasing of electron energy.

Lead is used as traditional raw materials for radiation shielding. But lead has toxicity which may cause pollution. The density of tungsten alloy is higher than lead by 60%. The high density of tungsten alloy shielding allows a reduction in physical sizes of shielding components, without compromising effectiveness of shielding characteristics. Otherwise, tungsten alloy shielding has the advantages of non-toxicity. So compared with, tungsten alloy is more suitable for irradiation linac to shield against X-ray.



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Tungsten alloy radiation shielding can be used for radioactive eliminator to protect staffs from radiation. Radioactive static eliminator is kind of electrostatic removing device which produces ray by utilizing radioactive isotope and ionizes ambient air into positive and negative ions. It gathers opposite charges on the surface of charged body in neutralization.

Radioactive static eliminator is build at the place which may cause static electricity. It releases rays constantly, ionizing air, producing positive and negative ions and changing into conductor. For that, a circuit is formed between the surface of body which cause static electricity and eliminator. Those ions neutralize static charge on the surface of body and eliminate static electricity. Radioactive static eliminator has been widely used for weaving, printing, papermaking, cigarette, rubber, plastic and electronics, sensitive film or other industries. It can be also used to eliminate ash on slide, photographic film, lianr and microbalance, etc.

Compared with lead, the density of tungsten alloy radiation shielding is higher than lead by 60%. High density allows a reduction in physical sizes of shielding components without compromising the effectiveness of shielding characteristics. High density also means better radiation absorption. Otherwise, tungsten alloy has the advantage of non-toxicity. So tungsten alloy is more suitable for radioactive static eliminator than lead.



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Drivers consistently report they can sense differences in how a car handles on the track if the weight on a given wheel varies only by a couple of pounds. Fine tuning a car to a given track is a very cumbersome and time consuming ordeal with conventional lead plate weights. Tungsten alloy vehicle ballast as block shape offers up to 50% more weight in a given volume, with the added advantages of direct attachment via threaded holes or thru-bolting and the freedom from deformation. The high density of tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) permit weights to be placed in the lower half of NASCAR weight adjustment tubes, effectively lowering the overall center of gravity for improved handling.

Tungsten alloy vehicle ballast, also called tungsten alloy vehicle weight, is now becoming the most popular material for balancing race cars.

Adding tungsten alloy vehicle ballast to the framework of a racing car helps you to balance the car during the race. Better balance contributes to the better control over the car's movement and helps to optimize the overall performance.



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