Applications which might gain more importance in the future are construction material for the tungsten alloy plasma technique in magneto hydrodynamic power generation (W and W-Cu) and target plates in fusion reactors (W, W-La2O3).

Recent plasma technique and theoretical and numerical studies show that tungsten may be the best, if not the only, material to withstand the extraordinary operating conditions in a nuclear fusion reactor diverter. The diverter, being that part of the vacuum vessel where the tungsten alloy plasma technique particles interact with the first wall, and where a large fraction of the fusion heat is removed, consists of water-cooled copper heat-exchanger element covered with a plasma facing armor. The tungsten alloy plasma techniqueparticles (electrons, protons, and α-particles) are directed by the magnetic field toward the diverter target plates, where they are neutralized and pumped. The convective heat flux reaches 20 MW.m-2 and the attendant surface temperature more than 3000℃. Therefore, a suitable armor material must have a high thermal conductivity (in order to transfer high heat fluxes), low thermal expansion coefficient and low Young’s modulus (in order to keep thermal stresses low), and a high melting point and low sputtering yield (in order to keep erosion low). Although tungsten does not have as high a thermal conductivity and as low a Young’s modulus as carbon-carbon composite materials, which are foreseen for the sections of the diverter with the highest heat flux, many experts believe that, in the long run, reasonable lifetimes will only be achieved by tungsten diverter plates, which have the lowest erosion rates of all materials in sections of the diverter with relatively low plasma temperature but high particle density.

For the technical realization of low-pressure plasma processes, one requires equipment with the following components:
Vacuum system (pump, vessel)
Energy supply
Gas supply
Measurement and control components for the reproducible adjustment of the process parameter
Due to the necessity of a vacuum system in most cases, batch operation method is the easiest solution.

The processes can be flexibly and complexly configured, in order to change the mode of action of the tungsten alloy plasma technique through variation of the process parameters (pressure, gas flow, gas composition, power) and can attain different effects in one process step. So that, i.e. without great expenditure a secondary cleaning can be carried out and immediately thereafter a corrosion protection layer becomes deposited, without having to aerate in between.


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Most of tungsten granules present transcrystalline cleavage fracture. Binder phase presents ductile fracture and shows better mechanical properties. Remaining organics are not deprived completely during thermal derosination. So, precious few parts in sample have foreign impurities. Those foreign impurities are the key factors for influencing mechanical properties. For that, compared with tensile strength detection result of standard tensile sample, tensile strength of matter sample is low.

Most of tungsten granules present transcrystalline cleavage fracture. Interface of tungsten granules breach and tungsten granules are smashed. What is different is that individual white foreign impurities exist in fracture pattern. Because of large sizes of samples, previously few high polymer organics are not deprived completely and produce carbon inclusions. For that, impact ductility of matter samples is low.


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In 2012 India International Defense Exhibition, Israel revealed two new 125 mm tank shells, namely the multi-purpose M710 tracer grenades tungsten alloy penetrator (HE-MP-T) and MK-2 tracer APFSDS (OF APFSDS-T) tungsten alloy penetrator, R & Dproviders Israel Military Industries Ltd. These two types of shells to enhance the operational viability of the Indian Army main battle tanks.

M710 can be used to as a typical asymmetric warfare and urban combat environment, 125 mm tank gun fired multipurpose tracer grenades, designed for T-90 T-80 and T-72 main battle tanks, the Israeli militarythe industry's latest multi-purpose tank shells. M710 electronic fuze system, there are three different modes of action: delay detonation (PDD), touched deep-fried (PD) and air-burst (AB). Target information provided by the tank fire control system, fire control system can be programmed via a wireless data link electronic fuzes when tank shells in the gun bore.

Israel Military Industries, R & D, another known as the 125 mm tank shells MK-2 tracer APFSDS tungsten alloy penetrator, second-generation high-speed kinetic energy penetrators. When using the 125 mm tank gun fired, MK-2 tungsten alloy penetrator improved accuracy, within the scope of the full range of reducing the wear and tear on the barrel and enhances the penetration of armored targets.


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A tungsten kinetic energy penetrator (also known as a KE weapon) is a type of ammunition that, like a bullet, does not contain explosives and uses kinetic energy to penetrate the target.

The term can apply to any type of armor-piercing shot but typically refers to a modern type of armor piercing weapon, the armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS), a type of long-rod penetrator (LRP), and not to small arms bullets.

The 'Fin' round travels at around 975 m/s (3200 ft/s), resulting in the generation of three and a half tones of force when it comes in contact with a weighted and/or fixed object. Energy, and therefore speed, inevitably decreases during flight, however it is still very deadly at ranges up to six kilometers.

The opposite technique to tungsten kinetic energy penetrator uses chemical energy penetrators. There are two types of these shells in use: high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and high explosive squash head (HESH). They have been widely used against armor in the past and still have a role but are less effective against modern composite armor such as Chobham as used on main battle tanks today.

The principle of the tungsten kinetic energy penetrator is that it uses its kinetic energy, which is a function of mass and velocity, to force its way through armor. The modern KE weapon maximizes KE and minimizes the area over which it is delivered by:
being fired with a very high muzzle velocity
concentrating the force in a small impact area while still retaining a relatively large mass
maximizing the mass of whatever (albeit small) volume is occupied by the projectile—that is, using the densest metals practical, which is one of the reasons depleted uranium is often used.

Tungsten kinetic energy penetrator has led to the current designs that resemble a long metal arrow.Concentration of force into a smaller area was attained by replacing the single metal (usually steel) shot with a composite shot using two metals, a heavy core (based on tungsten) inside a lighter metal outer shell. These designs were known as Armour Piercing Composite Rigid (APCR). On impact, the core had a much more concentrated effect than plain metal shot of the same weight and size.To maximize the amount of kinetic energy released on the target, the penetrator must be made of a dense material, such as tungsten carbide or depleted uranium (DU) alloy (Staballoy).

The hardness of the penetrator is of less importance, but is still a factor as abrasion is a major component of the penetrator defeat mechanism.A common misconception is that, during impact, fractures along these bands cause the tip of the penetrator to continuously shed material, maintaining the tip's conical shape, whereas other materials such as unjacketed tungsten tend to deform into a less effective rounded profile, an effect called "mushrooming". Actually, the formation of adiabatic shear bands means that the sides of the "mushroom" tend to break away earlier, leading to a smaller head on impact, though it will still be significantly "mushroomed".

Tests have shown that the hole bored by a DU projectile is of a narrower diameter than for a similar tungsten projectile.That is one of the reasons why tungsten kinetic energy penetrator is better than the DU tungsten kinetic energy penetrator is.


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