Example embodiments of bucking bar sleeves for use with handheld air damped bucking bar devices are described herein. Such sleeves are not limited to use with any one particular bucking bar device, nor are such sleeves limited to use with justair damped bucking bar devices. In addition, and rather than being constructed as a separate sleeve, it is contemplated that the sleeve can be integrated into the bucking bar device. Further, the bucking bar sleeves sometimes are described herein inthe context of an aircraft. Such bucking bar sleeves are not limited to use in any one particular riveting application, and can be used in many different applications.

The bucking bar sleeve described herein is adjustable and engages to a known air damped bucking bar device. The sleeve facilitates assuring a desired compression of a rivet buck tail during a riveting operation, avoiding formation of gapsbetween parts, and providing bar balance and vibration control for operators. More particularly, and as described below in more detail, in one embodiment the bucking bar sleeve includes an adjustable, encircling, non-marring reference surface thatlimits the degree of compression of the buck tail. The non-marring surface also controls an even compression across the end of the rivet. The relative position of the non-marring surface with respect to the bucking bar can be adjusted to allow adesired amount of compression of the buck tail. The sleeve therefore removes at least some dependency on the skill and experience of the operator, and facilitates avoiding variation and rework.

Pure tungsten is the production of pure tungsten products, materials . Pure tungsten is called its purity more than 99.95% pure . Products made of pure tungsten has the highest density of tungsten products, including tungsten and carbide products. Pure tungsten products are preferred by the customer , its high density , high temperature, high corrosion resistance, high wear resistance , high hardness , and low thermal expansion . Tungsten is a chemical element , chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. Pure tungsten products, including tungsten , tungsten wire, tungsten contacts , tungsten heater element , tungsten wire , tungsten crucible , and so on.

Pure tungsten electrode arc welding electrodes used first , but in DC welding conditions, the breed is prone to afford electrode arc or maintenance instability, adding rare earth oxides can greatly improve the situation , so pure only as a communication condition tungsten welding electrodes or as the resistance welding electrode . Pure tungsten electrodes least 99.5% of tungsten , no alloying elements. Tungsten has a very high electron work function , so compared to other alloys of tungsten electrodes , the arc difficult pure tungsten electrodes , the arc to maintain the stability of the beam is more difficult . Furthermore , because of its higher electron work function , the electrode tip temperature is higher and prone to grain growth , which would lead to instability of the arc beam , arcing difficult , and the service life is shorter . Pure tungsten is used only for AC welding , however , you can choose a good DC .


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Th is a radioactive tetravalent metal element, in the form of compounds in mineral (e.g. stone monazite and thorium), usually linked together with the rare earth metal is mainly as the isotope with mass number 232, half-life of 1.39 × 10 10 years, the formation of new particles emitted α thorium 1 [thorium] - element symbols Th, Th external electronic arrangement is 6d27s2, extranuclear arrangement of 2,8,18, 32,18,10,2. Isotopes and radiation with Th-226 [30.6m], Th-227 [18.72d], Th-228 [1.91y], Th-229 [7340y], Th-230 [75400y], Th-231 [1.06d], Th-232 (discharge α [14000000000y]), Th-233 [22.3m], Th-234 [24.1d]. Density 11.7 g / cm 3. Melting point of about 1750 ℃, boiling point of about 4000 ℃. 1400 ℃ the following atoms arranged in a face-centered cubic crystal; when the heating temperature is reached, they changed the body-centered cubic crystal. Silver-white metal, long-term exposure to the atmosphere fade to gray. Relatively soft, malleable. Insoluble in acid and hydrofluoric acid, but soluble in fuming hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and aqua regia. Nitric acid to make thorium purification. Caustic it had no effect. High temperature with halogen, sulfur, nitrogen effect. Radioactive half-life of approximately 1.4 × 1010 years. All thorium salts showed +4. Chemically zirconium, hafnium similar.

Thorium tungsten electrode is the earliest use of rare earth tungsten electrodes, welding performance is so far the best varieties of tungsten electrodes, so the species on a global scale tungsten electrodes highest market share, but because thorium tungsten electrode grinding and polishing powder metallurgy and rolling will occur during radioactive contamination, so European countries limit the production of the varieties electrode, but because of its excellent welding performance, its use is not restricted.


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Lanthanum is a chemical element , its chemical symbol is La, its atomic number is 57 , belonging to the lanthanide elements for rare earth metals is the most reactive metal in the air is easily oxidized. Lanthanum quarry alone accounted for 25% of total rare earth . A soft silver-white metal , malleable . With water effect. Soluble in dilute acid . Easily oxidized in air ; heating can burn to form oxides and nitrides. Heated in hydrogen generation hydride . It is the second most abundant rare earth elements , often along with other rare earth elements present in monazite , fluorocarbon lanthanum strontium ore . It is uranium, thorium or plutonium fission of radioactive products . It gives the refractive index of the special properties of the glass , the glass having a higher refractive index . Preparation of lanthanum general dehydration of hydrated lanthanum chloride , the use of calcium metal restore , or anhydrous lanthanum chloride electrolysis and after melting in the system. Used to manufacture an expensive camera lens . 138La is a radioactive half-life of 1.1 × 1011 , the trial was to treat cancer .

Lanthanum tungsten electrode is the European country in the 1980s with the hope for alternative thorium tungsten products, improved varieties, once launched, its excellent welding performance attracted much attention in the international welding industry and is very popular, especially by European Welding School in the pursuit, for this reason, the export volume of lanthanum tungsten electrode tungsten thorium behind , while in the domestic market awareness is not high. Its characteristics are the closest conductive properties of 2% thoriated tungsten electrodes , durable high burning rate of the current minimum .


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Cerium is a chemical element , its chemical symbol Ce, atomic number 58 , atomic weight 140.115 , belonging to the lanthanide elements, but also one of the rare earth elements . Element name comes from the asteroid Ceres, the English name . 1803 German chemist Klaproth , Swedish chemist Berzelius discovered the cerium oxide , respectively . Cerium has four kinds of natural stable isotopes : cerium 136,138,140,142 . Cerium content in the crust of about 0.0046% , is the most abundant of the rare earth elements . Gray soft metal . In monazite accounted for over 40% of total rare earth . Cerium chemically active , firing in air using Daogua ie , soluble in acid , insoluble in alkali . Cerium is iron gray metallic , malleable , melting point 799 ° C, the boiling point of 3426 ° C, density of 6.657 g / cm ³. Cerium is in addition to the rare earth elements europium outside the most active . Cerium oxide at room temperature, it is easy ; slow decomposition in cold water , hot water reaction speed ; most cerium salt solution as its orange-red to orange-yellow , with a strong anti- magnetic properties and oxidation. Cerium oxide for polishing precision glass products, but also do glass to color agent and used to produce colored glass , cerium nitrate used in the manufacture incandescent hood .

Stainless steel electrode melting point of pure tungsten (3650K), the electron emission capability, high modulus , low vapor pressure , the first to be used as an electron -emitting material , but the pure tungsten emission efficiency is low , and at a high temperature to form equiaxed recrystallized shaped grains become brittle and easy to break. To overcome these shortcomings , countries Materials workers dedicated to research and development of new electrode materials , tungsten -based doping several high melting point, low power electronic escape rare earth metal oxides, can improve the recrystallization temperature , and can activate the electron emission . However, in the rare earth tungsten electrodes on the basis of research , despite some achievements , but the current global market, replace the use of tungsten electrodes still a long way .

In our country the 1990s, in order from the system with excellent performance and pollution tungsten electrode, tungsten trioxide powder of lanthanum oxide is added , after reduction , suppression, melt down , swaging , stretching lanthanum tungsten electrode was obtained . After analysis, the lanthanum of the tungsten electrode electrical performance than cerium tungsten and tungsten thorium , lanthanum, tungsten and lanthanum oxide evaporation rate is low migration rate , to form a better lap dovetail microstructure , has good high temperature resistance creep. High-energy ball milling and vacuum hot pressing sintering prepared bulk nanocrystalline tungsten - lanthanum oxide electrode materials, the effects of different lanthanum oxide nanocrystalline tungsten content on the electrical properties of the electrode material , while using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer measured fuel La arc electrode tip distribution and microstructure . The results showed that: nanocrystalline tungsten - lanthanum oxide electrode was superior to the conventional powder metallurgy coarse-grained tungsten electrodes . When the lanthanum oxide content of 6% to 8% , the thermal electron emission capability and stability of the best , but with increasing the content of rare earth lanthanum oxide , lanthanum tungsten electrode moldability and processability more difficult.


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Stainless steel electrode melting point of pure tungsten (3650K), the electron emission capability, high modulus , low vapor pressure , the first to be used as an electron -emitting material , but the pure tungsten emission efficiency is low , and in the formation of a high temperature recrystallization equiaxed grain structure will become brittle and easy to break. To overcome these shortcomings , countries Materials workers dedicated to research and development of new electrode materials , tungsten -based doping several high melting point, low power electronic escape rare earth metal oxides, can improve the recrystallization temperature , and can activate the electron emission . However, in the rare earth tungsten electrodes on the basis of research , despite some achievements , but the current global market, replace the use of tungsten electrodes still a long way .

1913 Pinch (Pintsch) found that tungsten - thorium dioxide electrode material in pure tungsten with 2% ( mass fraction ) of about thorium dioxide , which escapes power reduction is reduced to nearly half of 2.63eV ( pure tungsten is 4.55eV), greatly improving the emission efficiency of up to 50mA / W ~ 70mA / W ( pure tungsten electrodes by carbonization only 25mA / W ~ 40mA / W). Moreover tungsten - arc thorium dioxide and stability performance greatly improved than that of pure tungsten . But thorium is a natural radioactive elements, its long half-life of α -ray 1.4 × 1014 years, the production and use of radioactive pollution on the environment and human health hazard ; growing environmental awareness restricts its development, but tungsten - thorium dioxide electrode arc stability and durability can not meet the growing demand for welding technology , so countries have been conducting research materials and workers to develop new generation of thorium tungsten electrode material .


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Stainless steel electrode melting point of pure tungsten (3650K), the electron emission capability, high modulus , low vapor pressure , the first to be used as an electron -emitting material , but the pure tungsten emission efficiency is low , and in the formation of a high temperature recrystallization equiaxed grain structure will become brittle and easy to break. To overcome these shortcomings , countries Materials workers dedicated to research and development of new electrode materials , tungsten -based doping several high melting point, low power electronic escape rare earth metal oxides, can improve the recrystallization temperature , and can activate the electron emission . However, in the rare earth tungsten electrodes on the basis of research , despite some achievements , but the current global market, replace the use of tungsten electrodes still a long way .

Cerium tungsten is to replace thoriated tungsten contamination with radioactive material and developed a new type of tungsten electrode material , the former Soviet Union in the 1960s, the development of new electrode materials have been reported , China's Shanghai bulb factory in 1973 began to study the W-CeO2 electrode , the first successful trial and application of the International organization for Standardization and has been included in non- melting polar standards . Most foreign countries, the use of pure tungsten powder mixed with cerium compounds prepared to take direct cerium tungsten powder. Country through the use of wet blue tungsten doped ceria , disposable reduction, pickling, isostatic pressing , rolling and other processes developed by cogging cerium tungsten electrodes , tested and used to indicate that the developed cerium tungsten powder of high purity, good suppression performance and sintering properties ; cerium cerium tungsten blanks content uniformity , good processing properties . Electrodes consistency, arc , good performance, the user has won wide acclaim. Practice has proved that the small size of cerium tungsten electrode tungsten electrode welding succeeded in replacing thoriated tungsten , but in AC welding electrodes , gas discharge light source and other aspects still can not completely replace thoriated tungsten , cerium tungsten electrodes and there arc poor life expectancies and other deficiencies.


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1970s Shanghai Bulb developed into cerium tungsten electrodes , then realized industrialization . Rare earth cerium than thorium (Th) has a higher electron emission features, but is a non- radioactive elements. Arc made ​​application performance comparison results : 2% ahead of Japan 2% cerium tungsten thorium tungsten, 4% better than 2% cerium tungsten, cerium tungsten ( No 4% thoriated tungsten electrode ) , specific performance: arc high compression , slender arc stability, energy concentration, arcing power or low voltage, arc breaking spacing, life doubled. 4% cerium tungsten electrodes applications , capturing the processing of cotton textiles shrink " shrink machine key components damping damping stick " plasma thermal spraying the surface finish of the storm , breaking the monopoly of foreign companies , foreign exchange value of the needle cotton greatly increased. Ministry of Geology research with platinum foil tube sealing technology, the requirements do not make the barrel of liquid volatile chemicals reduction of the problem, but also with 4% cerium tungsten electrodes only solution .

MEW already provides that where more than ten thousand kilowatts generator must Shanghai Bulb cerium tungsten electrodes welding , quality assurance. Defense with a laser device is life after cerium tungsten electrodes with thorium tungsten electrode from the original ten minutes , up to hundreds of hours of energy and light load efficiency is also improved, the battle to solve practical problems . 1982 China's offshore missile tests, foreign -made laser performance over competing devices , including cerium tungsten electrodes show a huge role . In addition, in beacon lights, road lights aircraft , fundus fluorescein camera lights , lamps and other lighting layout more than 140 kinds of gas discharge light source applied and achieved good results . Currently, 2% cerium tungsten electrodes have been included in the international standard , China has also developed a national standard cerium tungsten electrodes , so that the formation of the first in the world can replace thoriated tungsten series of international standards to add 1%, 2 %, 3% , 4% of the non-radioactive standard cerium tungsten electrodes .


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Cerium tungsten electrodes in tungsten adding rare earth cerium oxide powder metallurgy and rolling through grinding and polishing process made of tungsten electrode products, is the earliest production of non-radioactive tungsten electrodes product that is characterized by the low current conditions has excellent arc performance , dimensional arc current is small . Therefore, it is commonly used in pipes, stainless steel products and welding of small precision parts . Conditions at low current DC electrode diameter 2.0mm or less , cerium tungsten electrodes thorium tungsten electrode is preferred alternatives.

Grade , Composition, Color , Work Function

Model grades Added Impurity Impurity quantity% doping doping % Other Impurities% of its

He miscellaneous mass % Tungsten% tungsten % Electric discharged power Color sign electron work function color

WC20 CeO2 1.80-2.20 <0.20 margin The rest 2.7-2.8 Ash Grey

The advantage is cerium tungsten X- ray dose and antioxidant properties than thorium tungsten have been greatly improved ; electronic thorium tungsten electrode work function than about 10 %, the arc easier and better arc stability . Also cerium tungsten chemical stability, cathode spot is small, low pressure drop, burning and less , so is the most widely used TIG welding a tungsten electrode . Commonly used tungsten chemical composition and grade of pure tungsten W1 W ≥ 99.92 SiO2 ≤ 0.03 Fe2O3Al2 ≤ 0.03 Mo ≤ 0.01 CaO thorium tungsten WTH-7 W margin other impurities is not more than the total mass fraction of 0.15%.

Cerium tungsten WCe-20 W margin CeO1.8-2.2 SiO2 ≤ 0.06 Fe2O3AI2O3 ≤ 0.02 Mo ≤ 0.01 CaO ≤ 0.01 cerium tungsten low electron work function , high chemical stability , allowing current density, non-radioactive , is currently a commonly used electrodes of pure tungsten high melting and boiling points , easy to melt volatile , burning, cutting-edge , less pollution, but the electron emission is poor, is not conducive to the stability of arc burning. Thorium tungsten electron emission capability, allowing high current density arc burning more stable, but with a certain radioactive elements thorium , promote the application be affected. Zirconium tungsten electrode on the need to prevent contamination of the base metal under special conditions , you can use this tungsten . This is easy to maintain the hemispherical tip of the electrode , suitable for AC welding .


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