Tungsten Trioxide Inorganic Electrochromic Materials

In inorganic electrochromic material there are most of the transition metal oxide and its derivatives. In inorganic electrochromic material which can be divided into different type which is according to the different coloring process such as reduction status coloring staining material, oxidation status staining material and oxidation/reduction status all staining. Tungsten trioxide is reduction status staining material. At present, there are many inorganic electrochromic material, such as tungsten trioxide (WO₃), nickel oxide (NiO_x) and Prussian blue (PB). And WO₃ is the most studied and the most mature one electrochromic material. WO₃ is perovskite structure which is made of WO₆ octahedron. W atoms occupy the cube apex. O atoms occupy the position of each cube. When the center position vacant the valence states of W is +6, then WO₃ films are transparent. When the cation fills the center position, oxidation status of W will reduce to form a mixed valence compound W^V and W^VI, and WO₃ film is blue. Although the mechanism of color changing of film is not clear yet, but double injection model was accepted by most scholars. That mean the color of tungsten trioxide films change is due to hydrogen ions and electrons injected simultaneously to film material. WO₃ electrochromic reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation: WO3 + xe^- + xH ⁺ ← → HxWO₃.

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