The predecessor of Al-Khalid main battle tank (MBT) is 90-II which is developed in China. Al-Khalid MBT is equipped by composite armor and rolling homogenous armor. The tank can perform night operation which is also equipped by thermal imaging system. The main weapon of Al-Khalid MBT is a 125mm caliber smoothbore gun which carrying 39 ammunitions. The smoothbore gun can launch depleted uranium (DU) ammunition, tungsten alloy penetrators, kinetic energy cartridge and high explosive grenade. Otherwise, there are 12.7mm caliber machine gun and 7.62mm caliber machine gun in the tank.

In recent years, Pakistan Army is modernizing Al-Khalid MBT. They attempt to modernize the tank to the most advanced tank in the world. Al-Khalid MBT is called as Super Al-Khalid MBT after modernization, which is equipped by integrated battle management system (IBMS) and active protection system. For the new design of structure, the armor of new tank can endure the strike from all of 120~125mm caliber anti-tank shells who are on service at present. What’s more, the fire control is more advanced, and the firing rate of main artillery has been improved by 9 shells per minute. Meanwhile, Super Al-Khalid MBT is also equipped by Sagem the third generation thermography made in France, laser sight, anti-tank missile tracking system and Valta electro-optical countermeasures device made in Ukraine.


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China stopped the producing of Type 99 main battle tank (MBT), because the new Type 05 MBT came out. Compared with 99A2 which was three and a half generation tank, Type 05 MBT had improved significantly. Type 05 MBT was not just as a tank. It was a super land battle attacking platform. It was equipped with precise anti-aircraft missile and non-lethal laser weapons besides tank gun.

The initial velocity of tungsten alloy armor piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) is 1950m/s. The battle-sight range of tungsten alloy APFSDS is 3200m/s. It can penetrate to homogeneous armor whose thickness is more than 900mm. The initial velocity of high explosive anti-tank cartridge is 1500m/s. The tank gun is equipped with reliable autoloader. The firing rate of tank gun can reach 12 shells per minute. It can penetrate 950 homogenous armor from a distance of 2000m, when utilizing tungsten alloy APFSDS. However, it has the power of penetration for more than 1000m armor from the same distance, when it is utilizing hedo alloy penetrators. The tank gun also can launch the newly-developed 152mm gunshot guided missile. Maximum range of the missile is 7.5km and maximum depth of penetration is 900mm.


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From 1970’s, at least 42 airliners was attacked by portable anti-air missile in the world. 29 airliners were shot down and at least 900 personnels were killed. The terrorists can shoot down a large airliner in a few second when utilizing portable anti-air missile.

Although portable anti-air missile were developed lately in France, Frenchmen develops their own Mistral portable anti-air missile system which has its own excellent properties, by adopting the advantages of other missiles around the world. The maximum range of Mistral missile was 6000m, and Mistral portable anti-air missile was equipped for the army in 1990.

The warhead of Mistral portable anti-air missile is utilizing tungsten alloy ball fragmentation which is very common. The high explosive contains 1850 tungsten alloy balls which have high penetration. When the missile is exploding, the tungsten alloy balls penetrates the shell of target at a speed of 1500m/s. Effective kill radius is 3000m. For having advanced properties and low cost, Mistral anti-air missile had been purchased largely by many states from the beginning of 1990’s.

China is a big country of producing tungsten.Tungsten reserve in China accounted for about 70 percent of the world's total reserves of tungsten.The output of tungsten in China accounts for 80% of the world's total output.

Tungsten  is a kind of rare metal with highest melting point and density.The hardness of tungsten is after diamond. It is known as "industrial teeth" and"industrial salt".Nowadays, tungsten is widely used in national defense industry, aerospace,machinery manufacturing, oil drilling, special steel, new material, etc.Aviation jet engines,rockets,missiles, satellites and many parts are made of tungsten alloy.As important strategic resource, tungsten industry has a close relationship with national economy and  national defense.


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