Arc starting of TIG Welding

The welding arc can be started by scratching the surface, forming a short-circuit. It is only when the short-circuit is broken that the main welding current will flow. However, there is a risk that the electrode may stick to the surface and cause a tungsten inclusion in the weld. This risk can be minimised using the 'lift arc' technique where the short-circuit is formed at a very low current level. The most common way of starting the TIG arc is to use HF (High Frequency). HF consists of high voltage sparks of several thousand volts which last for a few microseconds. The HF sparks will cause the electrode - workpiece gap to break down or ionise. Once an electron/ion cloud is formed, current can flow from the power source.
HF is also important in stabilising the AC arc; in AC, electrode polarity is reversed at a frequency of about 50 times per second, causing the arc to be extinguished at each polarity change. To ensure that the arc is reignited at each reversal of polarity, HF sparks are generated across the electrode/workpiece gap to coincide with the beginning of each half-cycle.

 


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Pure Tungsten (99.95%)Technical Data

Tungsten has the highest melting point (3422°C) of all the non-alloyed metals. It can keep its strength and stiffness at high temperatures. Tungsten has good thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, and lowest thermal expansion of any pure metal.
Tungsten is suitable for aerospace and high temperature uses which include electrical, heating, and welding applications. Hardness and density properties make this metal ideal for making heavy metal alloys such as copper tungsten that are used in armament, heat sinks, and high density applications.

 

Pure Tungsten (99.95%)Technical Data
Density
19.3g/cm3
Melting Point
3410±20°C
Boiling Point
5900-6000°C
Thermal Expansion
4.36′10-6/K
Electrical Resistivity (20°C)
5.5′10-8Wm
Thermal Conductivity
167W/m.K
Modulus of Elasticity (20°C)
410 GPa
Mohs hardness
7.5
Vickers hardness
3430MPa
Brinell hardness
2570MPa

 
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Non-Radioactive Tungsten Materials

There are two non-radioactive tungsten materials have been developed. The first one, introduced in the 1980's, is most commonly available as 2% ceriated tungsten. This material is commonly used for lower amperage DC welding applications. In fact, it holds a very high market share in sales for the orbital welding process.

More recently, 1½% lanthanated tungsten has emerged as what could be the future standard for tungsten electrodes. The 1½% by weight content (as opposed to 2%) was chosen by three of the largest manufacturers as the optimum content amount based on scientific studies which showed that this content amount most closely mirrors the conductivity characteristics of 2% thoriated tungsten. Therefore, welders can usually easily replace their radioactive 2% thoriated material with this tungsten and not have to make any welding program changes. In addition, since the lanthanum oxide material is less dense that thorium oxide, a stick of 1½% (by weight) lanthanated tungsten actually contains 15% more oxides by volume than a stick of 2% (by weight) thoriated tungsten. This aids in arc starting and stability, as well as longevity, because the additional volume of oxides keep the tip cooler.

Finally, 1½% lanthanated tungsten is suitable for both AC and DC welding applications. Therefore, facilities that stock both 2% thoriated tungsten for DC welding and another tungsten type (usually pure or zirconiated tungsten) for AC welding, could stock only one tungsten type.

 
 

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Fishing sinkers ,How to make the right choice

Choosing the right sinker for the situation can be critical to your success when fishing. I'll describe a few common scenarios where the sinker used is particularly important.

Rock Fishing:When rock fishing one of the biggest concerns is the expense and time wasted by getting stuck in snags. The best approach in my opinion is to use a spoon sinker.Another tip for fishing in snaggy areas is to attach your sinker using lighter line than the rest of the rig that way you'll only lose the sinker if it gets snagged and you'll still have your hooks.

Beach Fishing:The problems encountered with beach fishing are very different to those in rock fishing. On a beach you generally don't have to worry much about snags. The problems are caused by currents and wave action.under this     circumstance,the grapnel sinker is a good choice.

Picky Fish:In some conditions the the fish will just pick at the bait and if they feel any resistance then they'll often leave the bait. In these situations you want as little weight as possible. If you can get away with no sinker at all then that is ideal. If you need to cast a long distance or are fishing in a strong current or deep water though you're still going to need a sinker. This is where using a running rig with a ball or egg sinker is good.

These are just some common situations where I've found sinker choice is very important. With a bit of logic you should be able to choose sinkers appropriate for other situations as well. It's always worth giving this a bit of thought.


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Tungsten Alloy for Bullet,Armor or Others in Military Defense

Tungsten heavy alloy is increasingly adopted in tungsten alloy defense as the raw material to make parts of military products, such as bullet, armor and shells, shrapnel head, grenade, hunting gun, bullet warheads, bulletproof vehicles, tank panzers, cannons, firearms, etc. A major use for tungsten heavy alloy is in kinetic energy penetrators, where they are in direct competition with depleted uranium (DU).

The Army uses of powder metallurgy (P/M) extend from the conventional press and sinter to the more exotic processes of liquid phase sintering of tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) and powder injection molding (PIM). The Navy has taken great advantage of WHA by employing them iii the phalanx close-in weapon system (CIWS). The Army intends that research will lead to an alloy or composite of tungsten that, when used as a long rod penetrator, will perform as well as, or better than, current depleted uranium (DU) penetrators. Tungsten Heavy Alloys (WHAs) are the best choice when Designers in defense industries, WHAs are the ideal material which combines high density, good mechanical strength and which is easily machined, tungsten alloy for mlilitary defense is very important

 

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