Tungsten is a class of 80-98% in the matrix Ni-Fe-W solid solution of two-phase composite materials. As one would wish, tungsten metal tungsten alloy combines high density, high strength and good ductility matrix phase, and thus, it has a series of excellent physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Due to the excellent properties of tungsten alloys, tungsten alloys are widely used in the weapons industry, one use is as tungsten core anti-materiel rifle.

Anti-materiel rifles (Anti-Materiel Rifle), a continuation of the two world wars of the anti-tank gun Anti-Tank Rifle ideas, firing large-caliber machine gun, with a tungsten core anti-materiel rifle can punch through armor thin light tank and anti-personnel inside. Also used in anti-sniper hidden behind bunkers. Mainly used to deal with vehicles, depots, radar, telescope observation mirror, low-flying helicopters, ground parked aircraft. Anti-materiel rifle with anti-tank gun, very focused on penetrating ammunition to anti-materiel rifle tungsten alloy big powerful bombs of a class, the main goal is to light armor; while off than large-caliber machine guns are much lighter, can be equipped to man used to strengthen the combat capability of the infantry squad platoon level units. For example, equipped with a tungsten core of anti-materiel rifle M82A1 M24 firepower to make up for the power of persistence and the war in Afghanistan, it has been witnessed at 1,760 yards (about 1600 meters) outside an Afghan Taliban officials, escorted into the car M82A1 way was torn in half. U.S. Coast Guard conducted using M82A1 narcotics operations, effectively combating the drug trafficking coast of speed boats.


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In order to avoid military material to the environment, pollution, military tungsten alloy products are gradually replacing lead and depleted uranium armor-piercing bullets and used. In the military field. Tungsten alloy military products are becoming more common. Tungsten alloy military products can be made into excellent armor-piercing performance, non-toxic projectile. Tungsten alloy penetrators rationale Want the material.

Due to the high hardness and high temperature tungsten alloys, as early as the 1940s, tungsten alloy products for military began widespread use. Today, military tungsten alloy products more Is widely used in the military field, mainly for bullets, armor-piercing bullet, grenade, artillery, tanks, guns, etc. One of the main purposes of military tungsten alloy products Kinetic energy penetrator warhead as to replace the depleted uranium. Surface military researchers, armor-piercing depleted uranium has a high ability to reason is due to depleted uranium. In the piercing process, will produce adiabatic shear effect, causes the material to sharpen, armor-piercing warhead in the process will not be labeled mushroom shape, thus enhancing the Piercing sex. Therefore, military researchers believe that if the upgrade adiabatic shear effect of tungsten alloy, tungsten alloy can replace the depleted uranium (DU will Cause serious environmental pollution generated).


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Metals Tungsten heavy alloy sequence, there is a high proportion of alloy most prominent feature is the high proportion of that is, we often say that the density. Density tungsten alloy can reach 18g/cm3, steel gravity (7.8g/cm3) 2.3 times, so the heart of a large cross-section density shells, storage capacity and speed of the steel will help improve the penetration capability of flying.

Tungsten core machine gun was developed in the 1970s after an excellent machine gun. This machine gun warhead shelling principle adopted a new structure and a high-density tungsten alloys, new materials, with a high muzzle velocity, trajectory and low elongation, the flight time is short, high hit accuracy, penetration force, etc., can effectively deal with fast moving target; their shells heart section density, and hardened steel or tungsten carbide core penetration bombs in the course of the entire heart broken contrary, tungsten alloy shells heart malleability better to splash piercing, with excellent secondary penetration characteristics, the large angle, and multi-layer sandwich structure composite armor piercing effect is more obvious. At home and abroad have been widely used in the large-caliber bullets and small-caliber artillery, ammunition, armored personnel carriers as deal with armed helicopters, light armored targets.

84 type of tungsten core 12.7mm machine gun equipped for 77 12.7mm machine gun style, common to 54-type 12.7mm machine gun, bullet mass 28g, playing mind quality 22g, the quality is warheads 78.6% projectile core diameter 7.9mm , the second aperture ratio (i.e., d1/d2, dl is core diameter shells, d2 is the diameter of the warhead) is 0.62, muzzle velocity 1150m / s, at 45 ° with 1 000m angles may impose breakdown homogeneous steel plate 15mm thick, the same 45 ° the angle, the maximum distance can breakdown homogeneous alloy steel plate 20mm thick for 150m. The 9.5m-made 54-style shooting at 12.7mm armor-piercing incendiary ricochet from steel is produced, which can only penetrate to 30 ° forward angle 15mm thick steel plate at 830m, 125m at penetrating 20mm thick steel. Visible, 12.7mm machine gun in the tungsten core with a large angle of steel armor-piercing capability.


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1.4 Calculation of numerical simulation

For a long time, the kinetic energy of the process of the target plate armor projectile impact analysis mainly rely on a large number of test results, with the increasing depth study of the phenomenon of piercing, some of the other methods used in the analysis of the role of projectile and target, such as empirical, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method. Among them, the numerical simulation method provides a more comprehensive response to changes in the middle of the process parameters and physical piercing, using numerical simulation computer graphics technology design can also be visually illustrated throughout the piercing process various parameters (shape, stress, strain, etc.) changes; addition, the use of the computer program can select different physical and geometrical parameters are calculated for the various parameters obtained shells, the impact target interaction, which can give a more comprehensive analysis of the test results.

Michael et tungsten simulation results indicate that the internal stress field, tungsten alloy binder phase does not only occur in the stress concentration, but the first in the high-intensity tungsten particles [18]. High-density housing and other research Wenbin tungsten alloy hot hydrostatic extrusion process using numerical analysis methods, indicating hot hydrostatic extrusion at high temperatures, can significantly reduce the squeeze pressure and squeeze greater than [19] .荣吉利 other studies of penetration and fragmentation properties of tungsten alloy Fragile kinetic energy penetrators, based on the establishment of a tungsten alloy Fragile Projectile finite element analysis model, simulated with different tensile - compressive strength of tungsten alloy penetrators penetrating than the target penetration and crushing process plates at [20].

程兴旺 such as tungsten alloy casing vertical penetration through concrete target experiments, to obtain strain tungsten alloy casing dangerous section at the - time course curve, providing models and numerical verification standard penetration estimates for housing design [21]. Progress in any of the rain and other composite laminated reviewed the impact of the model for the design optimization of composite protective structure together proposed a new approach [22].

1.5 Preparation of technical

Refined tungsten particles become a new hot spot study of high-density tungsten alloy by mechanical alloying (MA), condensation drying method, chemical vapor deposition method, spray drying, sol - gel method and other methods for the preparation of pre-alloyed powder, and using a suitable process can be made very fine powder. Furthermore, the reaction process may be spray-step synthesis of fine grain, multi-component, the total of the pre-tungsten alloy powder, the powder can be well below the melting temperature of the binder phase sintering to achieve full density [23]. Fan Jinglian and other processes with MA Nanocrystalline tungsten alloy composite powder hydrogen atmosphere at normal pressure sintering and densification during sintering tungsten grain growth behavior, indicating MA nanocrystalline powders can promote densification temperature densification reduced by about 100 ~ 200 ℃, when the solid-phase sintering temperature can be generally obtained as a fine crystalline grain size of 3 ~ 5μm high strength alloys [24]. They also nano-tungsten alloy injection molding were studied in 1350 ~ 1450 ℃ showed solid phase sintering that reached full density, grain final alloy is about 3μm, tensile strength greater than 1200MPa [25].

罗述东 other studies of tungsten alloy powder warm compaction behavior at different temperatures, indicating that the temperature and pressure can significantly improve the green density, temperature and pressure radial contraction of less than room temperature blank blank radial contraction, and temperature and pressure can improve tungsten alloy microstructure organization [26]. Sample cold isostatic pressing of Lee letters buried in Al2O3 powder, placed in a sintering furnace heating and air after 30min pre-oxidation heat, and then sintered at different temperatures; results showed that the use of pre-oxidized tungsten alloy activated sintering can reduce the sintering temperature, reducing the alloy deformation and get dense tungsten alloy, and can improve the tensile strength and elongation of tungsten alloy [27].
 

References

[18] Michael, Lau Siu-ling, Zhao Baorong, and so on. Tungsten alloy internal stress field numerical simulation [J]. Ordnance Material Science and Engineering, 2005,28 (2) :51-54.

[19] House Wenbin, Oscar Wilde, Hu Lianxi, and so on. High-density tungsten alloy hot hydrostatic extrusion flow numerical viscosity Germany [J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2005,34 (1) :33-36.

[20] Rongji Li, in the heart of the construction, Liu Bin, et al. Fragile kinetic energy penetrator armor-piercing tungsten alloy simulation and finite element analysis [J]. Beijing Institute of Technology, 2004,24? (3) :193-196.

[21] Chengxing Wang, Wang Fu shame, Lu Wang, et al. Experimental testing of tungsten alloy shell casing process penetrating concrete target strain [J]. Ordnance, 2004,25 (1) :102-105.
 
[22] any rain, ZHU Xi, Mei Zhiyuan. Composite laminates impact models [J]. Ordnance Material Science and Engineering, 2005,28 (4) :59-67.

[23] Ye passers-Ming Yi Jian Hong, and microstructure of, and so on. New Progress in the study of high-density tungsten alloy [J]. Powder Metallurgy Materials Science and Engineering. 2003,8 (2) :134-140.

[24] Fan Jinglian, Huang Baiyun, Qu Hui, et al. Densification and grain nanocrystalline tungsten alloy powder during pressureless sintering [J]. Powder Metallurgy Materials Science and Engineering, 2001,6 (2) :83-88.

[25] Huang Baiyun, Fan Jinglian, Qu Hui, et al. Research and Application of Nano-tungsten alloys [J]. China Tungsten Industry. 2001,2001,16 (5-6) :38-43.

[26] Luo Shudong, Tang Xinwen, Cao Zhenghua, high density tungsten alloy powder warm compaction behavior [J]. Powder Metallurgy Materials Science and Engineering. 2003,8 (1) :23-27.

[27] Li Xin, wusheng. Pre-oxidation of high-density sintered tungsten alloy [J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2002,31 (4): 319.


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