Tungsten oxide (WO3) has been used as a photocatalyst, gas sensor, and acid catalyst over the past several decades. WO3-based catalysts having acidic properties can be classified into several groups. One group includes WO3 crystals and those doped with foreign elements in a nanowire structure, which are used as catalysts and gas sensors.

Dyeing industries use and discharge large volumes of water containing complex non-biodegradable recalcitrant organic and inorganic chemicals into the environment. The local dyeing wastewater have an offensive odour, highly coloured, low pH, and exposure to such wastewater can cause several diseases among which are cancer, skin irritation to mention but a few.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have drawn wide attention because of their incomparable advantages including low cost, easy to manufacture, environmental-friendly and high theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). However, traditional Pt CE materials are expensive, have a limited source, and are easily corroded by the I3−/I− electrolyte.

As the haze and other air pollutions getting more serious in cities and towns of China, most of the air pollutants were from the exhaust mission of the increasing number of vehicles. Thus, electric vehicles have been considered as a solution to control the air pollutant in rural as they don’t emit like traditional fossil-fuel vehicles.  Energy-storage devices such as rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Na-ion batteries and supercapacitors are the core of electric vehicles.