Accelerator is short for tungsten alloy particle accelerator. There are various kinds of tungsten alloy particle accelerator. According to the different energy of particles being accelerated, tungsten alloy particle accelerator can be classified into high energy particle accelerator (GeV grade), moderate energy particle accelerator (above 2000MeV) and low energy particle accelerator (below 50MeV). Based on the different accelerating orbit of particles being accelerated, tungsten alloy particle accelerator can be classified into liner accelerator and cyclotron.

Electronic liner accelerator and electronic induction accelerator used for radiotherapeutics belong to low energy tungsten alloy particle accelerator. Electronic liner accelerator belongs to liner accelerator. Electronic induction accelerator is attributed to cyclotron. Electron energy output by electronic liner accelerator is usually 5~40MeV and electron energy output by electronic induction accelerator is usually 4~45MeV. The two accelerators can transfer electron into X-ray through target.

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Ionizing radiation refers to electromagnetic radiation and ionizing radiation which can make atom or atomic group produce ionization. Electromagnetic radiation which can cause ionization contains X-ray and γ-ray. Ionizing radiation contains α-ray, β-ray, neutron, proton and other charged particle. In nuclear medical, primary source of radioactivity is various kind of radioactive medicine, unsealed source also called as open source. Its characteristic is spreading easily and polluting working space and environment. Working space of operating unsealed source has externalir radiation exposure caused by X-ray, γ-ray andβ-ray. It also has internal radiation exposure caused by radionuclide which is produced by radioactive pollution entering into organism.

In recent years, PET/CT centers have been established in some large medical therapy units gradually, in China. Source of radioactivity is more complicated. It comes from the externalir radiation exposure and internal exposure radiation caused by radionuclide of positron which utilized by tungsten alloy PET and marked medicine. It also comes from externalir radiation exposure produced by tungsten alloy CT. It even comes from externalir radiation exposure and induced radioactivity caused by small cyclotron when producing radioactive element and internal radiation exposure caused by pollution of radionuclide. Tungsten alloy radiation shielding can be used for protecting doctors and patients from ionizing radiation.


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Swaged tungsten rods are frequently swaged. After the centerless grinder proces, the surface intergrity and accuracy of the diameter are improved. They can be produced in a variety of near-final shapes, but the most frequently encountered shape is cylindrical rods.

After being swaged, tungsten rods will greatly enhance their tensile strength from 1050 MPa to 1200 MPa at least. Tungsten swaging rods are produced by Forging and sintering tungsten rods into billets and swaging into rods.

Features:
1.Swaged tungsten rod's tensile strength is better than the same kind of tungsten alloy rod;
2.The diameters of tungsten alloy rod through swaging can reach 3mm or larger;
3.The single weight of the common rod can reach 100 kilograms.

Advantages of Swaged Tungsten Rods:
Titanium is also a popular used material for producing swaging rod. It possesses high strength, toughness, durability, corrosion resistance and biological compatibility physical qualities. However, Titanium's density is much lower than tungsten, which makes it difficult in the situation of needing high mass with limited volume. Relatively speaking, swaged tungsten rod is with high density, high melting point, excellent hardness, high tensile strength, high temperature resistance, superior wearing resistance and low vapor pressure. Therefore, swaged tungsten rod gradually stands out among the various swaging rod making materials.

Parameter of Swaged Tungsten Rods:
Diameter (mm)    Length (mm)
Ø3.0 - 6.0           ＞6000
Ø6.0 - 10.0         ＞5500
Ø10.0 - 15.0       ＞4000


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Tungsten poly combines tungsten powder and poly, so it has the good properties of tungsten alloy and poly, such as: high radiation shielding, high temperature resistance, high density, low cost, non-toxic and environmentally friendly.

As these good advantages , tungsten poly is the best material and first choice to make radiation shielding. Compared with lead in radiation shielding material, tungsten poly weights less than lead, tungsten poly radiation shielding is more durable than other lead substitutes and offers equal or better radiation shielding capabilities, the most important point is that tungsten poly is lead-free, and non-toxic, so more and more radiation shielding are made from tungsten material instead of lead, especially the radiation shielding used in medical field such as: tungsten poly collimator, tungsten poly PET, tungsten poly syringe shielding and so on.


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The tungsten iridium stream mouth is as a special tungsten heavy alloy with other refractory metals. It mainly uses in rare-earth metal smelting, the induction furnace heating element, the quartz glass smelting and so on, makes the high temperature vessel.

In the glass and the ceramic industry, the tungsten iridium stream mouth is a ceramic micro production very essential part. The tungsten proportion is big, degree of hardness is big, the heat conduction electric conductivity good, heat-resisting, wear-resisting, anti-corrosive, has the low expansibility and the size stability under the high temperature. The tungsten melting point is highest when all metals (reaches as high as 3380 degrees Celsius), the steam tension to be lowest, the tensile strength is highest (1650°C), and its antiseptic property is good, the majority inorganic acid are very small to its corrosion. Therefore it is ideal to manufacture heavy alloy. But the tungsten and the iridium make the alloy, its abrasion resistance, degree of hardness, the intensity, the heatproof quality obtained the further promotion, thus has guaranteed the product uniformity well. Is precisely these precious performance, causes it to become now in the high-tech crystal glass industry the indispensable equipment component.


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Applications which might gain more importance in the future are construction material for the tungsten alloy plasma technique in magneto hydrodynamic power generation (W and W-Cu) and target plates in fusion reactors (W, W-La2O3).

Recent plasma technique and theoretical and numerical studies show that tungsten may be the best, if not the only, material to withstand the extraordinary operating conditions in a nuclear fusion reactor diverter. The diverter, being that part of the vacuum vessel where the tungsten alloy plasma technique particles interact with the first wall, and where a large fraction of the fusion heat is removed, consists of water-cooled copper heat-exchanger element covered with a plasma facing armor. The tungsten alloy plasma techniqueparticles (electrons, protons, and α-particles) are directed by the magnetic field toward the diverter target plates, where they are neutralized and pumped. The convective heat flux reaches 20 MW.m-2 and the attendant surface temperature more than 3000℃. Therefore, a suitable armor material must have a high thermal conductivity (in order to transfer high heat fluxes), low thermal expansion coefficient and low Young’s modulus (in order to keep thermal stresses low), and a high melting point and low sputtering yield (in order to keep erosion low). Although tungsten does not have as high a thermal conductivity and as low a Young’s modulus as carbon-carbon composite materials, which are foreseen for the sections of the diverter with the highest heat flux, many experts believe that, in the long run, reasonable lifetimes will only be achieved by tungsten diverter plates, which have the lowest erosion rates of all materials in sections of the diverter with relatively low plasma temperature but high particle density.

For the technical realization of low-pressure plasma processes, one requires equipment with the following components:
Vacuum system (pump, vessel)
Energy supply
Gas supply
Measurement and control components for the reproducible adjustment of the process parameter
Due to the necessity of a vacuum system in most cases, batch operation method is the easiest solution.

The processes can be flexibly and complexly configured, in order to change the mode of action of the tungsten alloy plasma technique through variation of the process parameters (pressure, gas flow, gas composition, power) and can attain different effects in one process step. So that, i.e. without great expenditure a secondary cleaning can be carried out and immediately thereafter a corrosion protection layer becomes deposited, without having to aerate in between.


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In 2012 India International Defense Exhibition, Israel revealed two new 125 mm tank shells, namely the multi-purpose M710 tracer grenades tungsten alloy penetrator (HE-MP-T) and MK-2 tracer APFSDS (OF APFSDS-T) tungsten alloy penetrator, R & Dproviders Israel Military Industries Ltd. These two types of shells to enhance the operational viability of the Indian Army main battle tanks.

M710 can be used to as a typical asymmetric warfare and urban combat environment, 125 mm tank gun fired multipurpose tracer grenades, designed for T-90 T-80 and T-72 main battle tanks, the Israeli militarythe industry's latest multi-purpose tank shells. M710 electronic fuze system, there are three different modes of action: delay detonation (PDD), touched deep-fried (PD) and air-burst (AB). Target information provided by the tank fire control system, fire control system can be programmed via a wireless data link electronic fuzes when tank shells in the gun bore.

Israel Military Industries, R & D, another known as the 125 mm tank shells MK-2 tracer APFSDS tungsten alloy penetrator, second-generation high-speed kinetic energy penetrators. When using the 125 mm tank gun fired, MK-2 tungsten alloy penetrator improved accuracy, within the scope of the full range of reducing the wear and tear on the barrel and enhances the penetration of armored targets.


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Most of tungsten granules present transcrystalline cleavage fracture. Binder phase presents ductile fracture and shows better mechanical properties. Remaining organics are not deprived completely during thermal derosination. So, precious few parts in sample have foreign impurities. Those foreign impurities are the key factors for influencing mechanical properties. For that, compared with tensile strength detection result of standard tensile sample, tensile strength of matter sample is low.

Most of tungsten granules present transcrystalline cleavage fracture. Interface of tungsten granules breach and tungsten granules are smashed. What is different is that individual white foreign impurities exist in fracture pattern. Because of large sizes of samples, previously few high polymer organics are not deprived completely and produce carbon inclusions. For that, impact ductility of matter samples is low.


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A tungsten kinetic energy penetrator (also known as a KE weapon) is a type of ammunition that, like a bullet, does not contain explosives and uses kinetic energy to penetrate the target.

The term can apply to any type of armor-piercing shot but typically refers to a modern type of armor piercing weapon, the armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS), a type of long-rod penetrator (LRP), and not to small arms bullets.

The 'Fin' round travels at around 975 m/s (3200 ft/s), resulting in the generation of three and a half tones of force when it comes in contact with a weighted and/or fixed object. Energy, and therefore speed, inevitably decreases during flight, however it is still very deadly at ranges up to six kilometers.

The opposite technique to tungsten kinetic energy penetrator uses chemical energy penetrators. There are two types of these shells in use: high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and high explosive squash head (HESH). They have been widely used against armor in the past and still have a role but are less effective against modern composite armor such as Chobham as used on main battle tanks today.

The principle of the tungsten kinetic energy penetrator is that it uses its kinetic energy, which is a function of mass and velocity, to force its way through armor. The modern KE weapon maximizes KE and minimizes the area over which it is delivered by:
being fired with a very high muzzle velocity
concentrating the force in a small impact area while still retaining a relatively large mass
maximizing the mass of whatever (albeit small) volume is occupied by the projectile—that is, using the densest metals practical, which is one of the reasons depleted uranium is often used.

Tungsten kinetic energy penetrator has led to the current designs that resemble a long metal arrow.Concentration of force into a smaller area was attained by replacing the single metal (usually steel) shot with a composite shot using two metals, a heavy core (based on tungsten) inside a lighter metal outer shell. These designs were known as Armour Piercing Composite Rigid (APCR). On impact, the core had a much more concentrated effect than plain metal shot of the same weight and size.To maximize the amount of kinetic energy released on the target, the penetrator must be made of a dense material, such as tungsten carbide or depleted uranium (DU) alloy (Staballoy).

The hardness of the penetrator is of less importance, but is still a factor as abrasion is a major component of the penetrator defeat mechanism.A common misconception is that, during impact, fractures along these bands cause the tip of the penetrator to continuously shed material, maintaining the tip's conical shape, whereas other materials such as unjacketed tungsten tend to deform into a less effective rounded profile, an effect called "mushrooming". Actually, the formation of adiabatic shear bands means that the sides of the "mushroom" tend to break away earlier, leading to a smaller head on impact, though it will still be significantly "mushroomed".

Tests have shown that the hole bored by a DU projectile is of a narrower diameter than for a similar tungsten projectile.That is one of the reasons why tungsten kinetic energy penetrator is better than the DU tungsten kinetic energy penetrator is.


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Military tungsten alloy swaging rod is increasingly adopted in tungsten alloy defense as the raw material to make parts of military products, such as bullet, armor and shells, shrapnel head, grenade, hunting gun, bullet warheads, bulletproof vehicles, tank panzers, cannons, firearms, etc. A major use for tungsten heavy alloy is in kinetic energy penetrators, where they are in direct competition with depleted uranium (DU). Recent investigations conducted at the Army Research Laboratory show that DU’s superior properties resulted from its ability to localize shear during ballistic penetration events.

Military tungsten alloy swaging rod is produced by pressing and sintering into billets, which are worked by rolling or swaging into rod. Smaller sizes are produced by subsequent drawing. Tungsten rod is produced in straight random lengths with a smooth swaged surface at diameters 3mm and larger, and with a smooth drawn finish below 3mm. A center less-ground finish can also be furnished. Specific lengths and special fabrications can be supplied upon request.


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