A Facile Route to Tungsten Oxide Nano Materials (II)

Although the arc method has a higher production rate than IGC system, the latter produces larger particles. Hence, a modified technique based on the IGC system was developed, in which blowing gases were introduced to obtain finer particles with better particle size distribution. To retain the benefits of both the arc discharge method and the IGC system, a plasma arc is used as the heat source and blowing gas is applied to quench the evaporated materials in this modified system. A simplified manufacturing process that enhances the purity of the as-prepared products is required. Therefore, an effective method, namely, the modified plasma arc gas condensation technique has been proposed.
 
A modified plasma arc gas condensation technique was successfully used to synthesize various nano-sized tungsten oxide nano materials with morphologies and structures that may be tuned by controlling the experimental parameters. Various non-stoichiometric WO3−x nano materials could be prepared by tuning the oxygen content during the process. W18O49nanotubes and nanorod bundles were also prepared by He plasma arc with different Ar/O2 ratios. In addition, W18O49/TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles were prepared by evaporating a dual target. In the present study, we addressed the feasibility of the plasma arc gas condensation technique and confirm its potential for nanomaterial fabrication.
 
 
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The Preparation of APT With High Purity(二)

Two new technologies,i.e. mechanical activating caustic decomposition and removing  molybdenum from tungstate solution by ion exchange method are used in this technological process for treating low grade tungsten concentrate with a low concent of WO3 and a high content of calcium and impurities to produce APT of high purity. The combination of whole technological process is reasonable and has the advantages of shorter high recovery of tungsten and high purity of product.

This technological process effectively utilized the resources flow grade tungsten concentrate with a high content of calcium and impurities in China and extended the utilization factor of mineral resources. The production cost is low . According to the statistical results of Siquan Chemical Industril Plant in 1992, additional profit of 5800 Yuan per t on APT may be obtained. Therefore, the social and economical benefits are obvious.

 

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The Preparation of APT With High Purity(一)

The (NH4 )2WO4 solution obtained from removing molbdenum process is evaporated and  crystallized to produce APT of high purity. The content of WO3 in APT is 88. 6~ 89. 3% ,and the content of main impurities (×10-6) is: Al<5, Bi<1, Ca<10, Cd<5, Co<5, Cr<5, Cu<5, Fe<5, Mg<5, Mn<3, K<10,Na<10,Mo≈20,P<3,As<5, Si<5, reaching GB10116-88AP T-0g rade standard. It is necessary to point out that the total crystallization efficiency of APT is about 98.4% ,and the first crystallization efficiency is about 92% .The content of molybdenum in second crystallization product of APT is 0.002~0.008% ,and it maybe merged into the first crystallization product in commerce. Thus the direct recovery of APT product is more than that inthe traditional process.

 

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A Facile Route to Tungsten Oxide Nano Materials (I)

Nano-sized materials and products have been used widely in many applications because of their outstanding properties, different from those of the bulk materials. In early investigations into nanotechnology, the arc discharge technique was the first well-developed method used to manufacture nanoproducts.
 
However, owing to difficulties involved in controlling the manufacturing parameters, the purity and quality of nanoproducts synthesized by arc discharge called for improvement. The inert gas condensation (IGC) system was thus established by Gleiter. Because there are no catalysts or containments, it is considered the cleanest method of producing high quality products. In this system, metals are first placed in a tungsten or graphite boat and evaporated. The metal vapor is then cooled under an inert gas atmosphere (e.g. helium or argon) to condense into clusters or nanoparticles.
 
 
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Bristle Dartboard

Bristle dartboard are made of natural sisal rope fiber is from the leaves of the Agave plant ,the same  plant species from which tequila is made.

These rope fiber are compressed under tons of pressure, and with steel, and banded to a non-warping backboard.

The difference between a wound paper (or cork), bristle dartboard is retrieved from the board, the bristle will close the hole made by the dart. The other boards just leave the hole. This leads to faster wear and tear.

The bristle dartboard hangs from the hook and the thickness of the dartboard is divided into the following general criteria.

Regulation-Style Side
1.1 / 2 inch (14mm), generally used for small size dartboard.

2.5 / 8 inch (17mm), generally used for small size dartboard.

3.1-inch (26mm), generally used for 15-inch darts.

4.1 1/8 inch (28mm), generally used for 18-inch paper and flocked dartboard.

5.1 1/2 inch (38mm), generally used linen dartboard.

Another wooden box dartboard. According to dart over different specifications,

configure the appropriate size wooden carton. It is a decorative and protective.

 

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