What is crankshaft?

The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation.

How does crankshaft work?

The rods and bearings connects the piston to the crankshaft, when the piston moves up and down, the crankshaft is moved as describing a circle by the rods and bearings, then, the crankshaft is rotating.

Advantages for tungsten alloy crankshaft

Nowadays, modern engine is often made from special metal alloys, and much lighter than earlier engines. So the powder and performance of a modern engine are increased. Also,
It is necessary to provide counterweights for the reciprocating mass of each piston and connecting rod to improve balance in engines, and these are typically cast as part of the crankshaft. Lead is cheap but the density is much lower than tungsten heavy alloy, and it is not environmental friendly, as for steel, tungsten heavy alloy are more than twice the density of it, so compared with other materials, tungsten heavy alloy is certainly considered t as the most appropriate crankshaft material for its properties as follows:

Small volume but high density

Excellent hardness

Superior wearing resistance

Good corrosion resistance

Wonderful Shock resistance

High melting point

High temperature resistance

Environmental friendly


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Technology implemented at over 40 percent of the operating nuclear power plants in the United States is now being used to help in the efforts to contain the stricken reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan.

Tungsten shielding, first developed in 2006 with a partnership between Entergy Nuclear and American Ceramics Technology, has been used by Entergy employees since 2008 for protection from radiation while performing maintenance during refueling outages. The shielding is a flexible heat-resistant material made of tungsten and iron metal powder immersed in a silicone polymer.

Traditionally, lead has been the product of choice for radiation shielding. Tungsten shielding has the ability to field-fit, providing for attenuation of radiation totaling from 5 to 10 person-Rem/year than provided by the equivalent weight of traditional lead blanket. And since tungsten is thinner and weighs as much as 50 percent less than lead, it may be more forgiving when workers are performing the physical activities required in a nuclear power plant.

"It gives them better protection at a lighter weight and better mobility," said Dick Culbertson, CEO of American Ceramics Technology.

Vests made of tungsten worn by employees working in areas where there is exposure to radiation were successful when first used, but did have limitations. The vests had the ability to protect only the front of the body, so the source of radiation had to be directly in front of the worker. Then, American Ceramics Technology received a request from the 810 MW Cooper Nuclear station, which Entergy provides support services to, for a vest that covered the entire body, front and back. Workers at Cooper were entering areas of the plant that had a high dose field coming from all directions.


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Tungsten eye shield can use either the 0.5 mm or 1 mm thick anodized aluminum cap (both are included with each tungsten eye shield) to reduce the electron backscatter to the eyelid. Tungsten eye shield can be used without the aluminum cap when placed superficially. Tungsten eye shields have less transmission than other eye shields.
 
The 2 mm tungsten eye shield is recommended for use with 6 MeV. The 3 mm tungsten eye shield is recommended for 9 MeV. These tungsten eye shields are not recommended for use above 9 MeV. The user will have to determine an acceptable amount of backscatter to decide whether to use 0.5 mm or 1 mm aluminum cap.



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Experts find that radiation exposure could be reduced by maxing shielding. The density of a material is related to its radiation stopping ability. Higher density means better stopping power and shielding. Due to a higher density, tungsten alloy radiation shielding has a much higher stopping power than lead. Its greater linear attenuation of gamma radiations means that less is required for equal shielding. Alternatively equal amounts of tungsten alloy radiation shielding provide diminished exposure risks than equivalent lead shielding.

Tungsten alloy radiation shielding is a suitable raw material for radiation protection, as its combination of radiographic density (more than 60% denser than lead), machinability, good corrosion resistance, high radiation absorption (superior to lead), simplified life cycle and high strength. It can provide the same degree of protection as lead whilst significantly reducing the overall volume and thickness of shields and containers. Besides, compared with lead or depleted uranium in the past, tungsten alloy radiation shielding is more acceptable in this case, for they are non-toxic.


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