Graphene is a new kind of carbon material, which is closely packed with carbon atoms into a single two-dimensional honeycomb lattice structure. It is the basic unit of building the most commonly used solid lubricant - graphite. It has lower friction coefficient than graphite. It is a new kind of additive for self-lubricating antiwear coating.

With the progress of science and technology and the development of society, nano-materials have gradually penetrated into various fields. One-dimensional nanomaterials, due to their unique structure and properties, have wide application prospects in optoelectronic devices, catalysis, energy storage and sensors.

Potassium-containing tungsten bars are raw materials for making light source materials, high-temperature heaters and high-temperature resistant components. The traditional production method is to add silicon, aluminium, potassium and other elements into tungsten oxide powder first, then reduce the tungsten oxide powder doped with these elements and wash it with hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid to obtain doped tungsten powder, then doped tungsten powder. After being pressed, the strips are sintered and sintered to obtain potassium containing tungsten bars.

The hexagonal tungsten oxide has attracted much attention because its single crystal has an empty hexagonal space tunnel structure. W in the compound exists in the mixed valence states of W₆⁺, W₅⁺ and W₄⁺, thus making the charge balance of the compound as a whole. This unique spatial structure and special valence state make it have good optical effect.

With the development and wide application of high performance tungsten materials, the influence of impurity element content on the properties of tungsten materials and tungsten alloys has been gradually recognized. The requirement of purity or some impurity content of ammonium paratungstate in various industrial fields will be higher and higher.

Tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide are typical sandwich layered structures. Because of their relatively weak van der Waals force between layers, tungsten disulfide can also be peeled into single or few layers of nanosheets. It is considered to be another important two-dimensional nanosheet material with unique physical, chemical and electrical properties. However, it is difficult to prepare pure tungsten sulfide nanomaterials with single layer structure in general chemical and physical methods.

Due to the similar properties of tungsten and molybdenum, separation of tungsten and molybdenum has always been a key and difficult problem in tungsten smelting industry. It is well known that the traditional ion exchange process is difficult to solve the problem of W-Mo separation at one time, resulting in a large number of supplementary materials, but also to bring a lot of environmental management difficulties to enterprises.

China has abundant tungsten resources, and reserves and concentrate output rank first in the world. However, the tungsten concentrates produced in several important tungsten mines belong to high calcium wolframite concentrates. At the same time, a considerable amount of refractory tungsten slime containing calcium is produced in each tungsten concentrator. There is no suitable treatment method at present.

At present, the main method to decompose tungsten minerals in industry is the NaOH decomposition process. Obviously, the traditional method can not cope with the decomposition of wolframite and scheelite mixed symbiotic ore. Therefore, a set of effective combination scheme is also very important.

In the process of hydrometallurgy of tungsten, sodium tungstate solution is adsorbed by ion exchange resin, and the wastewater is discharged directly. Due to the limitations of the ion exchange process and the complexity of the raw materials, the WO₃ content in the wastewater after ion exchange is always maintained at a certain value, most of which are larger than 0.05g/l. This not only increases the cost of production and consumption of tungsten resources, but also increases the cost of environmental management.