Introduction

Super alloys or high performance alloys are available in a variety of shapes and contain elements in different combinations to obtain a specific result. These alloys are of three types that include iron-based, cobalt-based and nickel-based alloys.

Super alloys have good oxidation and creep resistance and can be strengthened by precipitation hardening, solid-solution hardening and work hardening methods. They can also function under high mechanical stress and high temperatures and also in places that require high surface stability.

The following datasheet provides an overview of Udimet 720™.

Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of Udimet 720™ is outlined in the following table.

Element                       Content (%)
Nickel, Ni                     55.16-59.705
Chromium, Cr               15.5-16.5
Cobalt, Co                   14.0-15.5
Titanium, Ti                  4.75-5.25
Molybdenum, Mo         2.75-3.25
Aluminum, Al               2.25-2.75
Tungsten, W               1.00-1.50
Zirconium, Zr            0.0250-0.0500
Boron, B                  0.0100-0.0200
Carbon, C                0.0100-0.0200

Physical Properties

The following table shows the physical properties of Udimet 720™.

Properties                Metric                    Imperial
Density                    8.08 g/cm³             0.292 lb/in³
Melting point            1371°C                  2500°F

Thermal Properties
The thermal properties of Udimet 720™ are given in the following table.

Properties                                                              Metric                   Imperial
Thermal expansion co-efficient (@93°C/199°F)        12.24 µm/m°C       6.800 µin/in°F

Fabrication and Heat Treatment

Annealing
Udimet 720™ is annealed at 1121°C (2050°F) and then cooled in air in a rapid manner.

Cold Working
Standard tooling methods are used for cold working Udimet 720™. Usage of plain carbon steels is not recommended as they may produce galling. Galling can be reduced by the usage of soft die materials and heavy duty lubricants. Tooling is recommended in the cold working process to allow liberal radii and clearances.

Welding
Welding processes recommended for Udimet 720™ include gas-tungsten arc welding, gas metal-arc welding and shielded metal-arc welding. Submerged-arc welding is not recommended as cracks may develop due to the high heat input. This alloy can be welded by the commonly used welding procedures and the welding surfaces should be free from paint, crayon markings or oil.

Forging
Udimet 720™ is capable of being forged as it is ductile.

Forming
Conventional methods are used to readily form Udimet 720™ that has good ductility. To obtain good forming results a powerful equipment is used along with heavy-duty lubricants. Usage of heavy-duty lubricants is recommended during the cold forming process of this alloy. After the forming process all traces of the lubricant should be cleaned to prevent embrittlement of this alloy at high temperatures.

Machinability
Udimet 720™ can be machined by conventional machining methods and contains higher strength, gumminess and work-hardening qualities. Work-hardening of the alloy before the cutting process and chatter can be minimized by tooling and a heavy duty machining equipment. Usage of water-base coolants is preferred for milling, turning or grinding. Usage of heavy lubricants is preferred for boring, drilling, broaching or tapping operations.

Aging
Udimet 720™ is treated under four different temperatures to be air-hardened.

    Heat for 2 h at 1113°C (2035°F) and cool in air.
    Heat for 4 h at 1079°C (1975F) and oil quench.
    Heat for 24 h at 649°C (1200°F) and cool in air.
    Heat for 8 h at 760°C (1400°F) and cool in air.

Heat Treatment
Udimet 720™ can be age-hardened in the heat-treatment process.

Applications
Udimet 720™ is used for gas turbine hot section components.

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Most metals are made of crystals which are orderly arrays of molecules forming a perfectly repeating pattern. In many cases the material is made of tiny crystals packed closely together, rather than one large one, and for many purposes making the crystals as small as possible provides significant advantages in properties and performance. However, such materials are often unstable as the crystals tend to merge and grow larger if subjected to heat or stress.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DEMSE) in Cambridge, Mass., have been undertaking work funded by the U.S. Army Research Office to find a way to avoid that problem. The result of this research are alloys that form extremely tiny grains - called nanocrystals - that are only a few billionths of a meter across, which retain their nanocrystalline structure and high strength even in the face of high heat. Such materials hold great promise for high-strength structural materials, among other potential uses.

The research was undertaken by graduate student Tongjai Chookajorn, who guided the effort to design and synthesize a new class of tungsten alloys with stable nanocrystalline structures. Her fellow DMSE graduate student, Heather Murdoch, came up with the theoretical method for finding suitable combinations of metals and the proportions of each that would yield stable alloys.

Chookajorn then successfully synthesized and tested the material and demonstrated that it does, in fact, have the stability and properties that Murdoch’s theory predicted. They, along with their advisor Professor Christopher Schuh, department head of DMSE, co-authored a paper outlining their results in a recent issue of Science (Aug.24, 2012).

“For decades, researchers and the metals industry have tried to create alloys with ever-smaller crystalline grains, but nature does not like to do that. Nature tends to find low-energy states, and bigger crystals usually have lower energy,” stated Prof Schuh.

Looking for pairings with the potential to form stable nanocrystals, Murdoch studied many combinations of metals that are not found together naturally and have not been produced in the lab. “The conventional metallurgical approach to designing an alloy doesn’t think about grain boundaries,” Schuh explains, “but rather focuses on whether the different metals can be made to mix together or not. It’s the grain boundaries that are crucial for creating stable nanocrystals. So Murdoch came up with a way of incorporating these grain boundary conditions into the team’s calculations.”

One of the nanocrystalline alloys developed and tested at MIT is a combination of tungsten and titanium. This alloy is exceptionally strong and could find applications in protection from impacts, guarding industrial or military machinery or for use in vehicular or personal armor. Other nanocrystalline materials designed using these methods could have additional important qualities, such as exceptional resistance to corrosion, the team says.

But finding materials that will remain stable with such tiny crystal grains, out of the nearly infinite number of possible combinations and proportions of the dozens of metallic elements, would be nearly impossible through trial and error. “We can calculate, for hundreds of alloys, which ones work, and which don’t,” Murdoch stated.

The key to designing nanocrystalline alloys, they found, is “finding the systems where, when you add an alloying element, it goes to the grain boundaries and stabilizes them,” Prof Schuh says, rather than distributing uniformly through the material. Under classical metallurgical theory, such a selective arrangement of materials is not expected to occur.

The tungsten-titanium material that Chookajorn synthesized, which has grains just 20 nanometers across, remained stable for a full week at a temperature of 1,100 C - a temperature consistent with processing techniques such as sintering, where powdered metal is consolidated in a mold and sintered to produce a solid shape.

Julia Weertman, a materials science professor at Northwestern University, stated “this work represents a significant advancement toward the goal of creating nanocrystalline alloys that are usable at elevated temperatures.” She added that “Schuh and his students, using thermodynamic considerations, derived a method to choose alloys that will remain stable at high temperatures. This research opens up the use of microstructurally stable nanocrystalline alloys in high temperature applications, such as engines for aircraft or power generation.”

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A small shop committed to labor-saving automation added a nine-axis turning center to machine mountain bike stems. The value of this complex machine is that it delivers a simple process. The learning curve was worth it, the owners say.

For Straitline Components in Sidney, British Columbia, the difference between downhill and cross-country mountain bike racing was the difference between milling and turning. Introducing a new bike stem for cross-country riding required this small shop and bike component maker to invest in a nine-axis multitasking turning center with two workpiece spindles and the capability for five-axis milling. Company co-owner D.J. Paulson says a major part of the investment has been the learning curve he has gone through to become proficient with the machine and apply it effectively to Straitline’s new part.
 
It was worth it, he says. While Straitline certainly could have machined the part using its existing equipment—turning it on a CNC lathe and milling it on a machining center—producing it this way would have meant making and using specialty fixtures, which would add setup time and also add to the danger of setup-related error.
 
More crucially, co-owner Dennis Paulson says, “We would also have had to make fixtures just to prototype the part.”
 
The problem in this last point is that the part’s design is still being refined, even today. It is being improved for functionality, economy and manufacturability. While the new turning center is complex, that very complexity enables the machine to deliver simple processes. Because it permits single-setup processing with no need for special fixtures, the machine makes it possible to keep improving the part’s design well into production.
 
ID Gripping
 
The machining operations on the second spindle were the area of difficulty, D.J. says. The stem is not just a hardware connector, but also part of the appearance of the bike, and a rider is likely to choose a stem largely for its aesthetic appeal. Straitline’s process involved machining the part’s finished OD surface in the first spindle. Subsequently clamping the OD in the second spindle might distort the part and would almost certainly mar the attractive surface.
 
But clamping from the inside did not prove rigid enough, D.J. says. One problem was the part’s slight conical ID taper, which required chuck fingers to have the same conical profile. Another was the tendency of the chuck fingers to deflect. This led him to create preloaded fingers that would deflect into alignment with the inner surface of the part. Even with these steps, the part kept slipping. “It was baffling,” he says.
 
Worst of all, the slip often was too subtle to produce a clear and obvious defect. Just a slight slip during machining would throw the handlebar bore and steering tube bar slightly out of perpendicularity—an error that still would have to be caught because it would affect the alignment of the handlebars.
 
The solution was discovered thousands of miles away, at the International Manufacturing Technology Show in Chicago this past September. On their final day at IMTS, the brothers were making a hurried trip through the Tooling & Workholding Pavilion when they found Carbinite Metal Coatings, a company that adds tungsten alloy coatings to workholding components to improve their grip. Soon after he returned home, D.J. sent the ID grippers to Carbinite to receive this coating. As soon as the grippers returned and he re-installed them on the chuck—aligning them with the use of a sample stem part—it became clear that the coated surface would solve the problem. D.J. tried to turn the stem on the grippers by torquing it with a long-handle wrench, only to move the part, chuck and spindle all at once.
 
The brothers found another stem machining process improvement at IMTS as well. A boring tool from Criterion Machine Works that can be held in a collet chuck in the milling spindle is precisely the right size for the bore machined in the second spindle. Implementing this tool saved cycle time and improved accuracy by allowing the shop to get away from helical milling for this bore.

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Rwanda has for decades been portrayed as a tiny resource-poor country, despite lying in the Great Rift Valley well-known for its abundant mineral wealth.

News that there is gold in the Western and Northern provinces is well-known, but the quality and quantity is what played on as a mystery for a long time.

In September, the quality question was ticked off when Rogi Mining, the country's largest gold explorer, assessed the gold in Gicumbi, Northern Province to be of high quality.

When its quantity is also verified as large in the near future, Rwanda's mineral sector, which is largely made up of cassetirite, wolfram and coltan, will be largely boosted by the this precious metal.

Also importantly, the government is also seeking to increase production of other minerals including tantalite, tungsten, niobium and lithium.

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The 2012-2013 late migratory bird seasons continue through early 2013.

The 2012-13 migratory bird brochure is available at the S.C. Department of Natural Resources (DNR) website.

There is no open season on harlequin ducks.

Feb. 2-3 are Federal Youth Days. Only hunters 15 years of age or younger may hunt waterfowl (ducks and geese) on these days. The youth(s) must be accompanied by an adult of at least 18 years of age. The adult is not allowed to carry a gun or hunt, and does not have to be licensed. The regular duck season limits apply.

Shooting hours for late-season duck hunting are uniform statewide. Hunters should take notice that DNR law enforcement officers will pay special attention to "late shooting violations" throughout South Carolina. Check local newspapers for sunrise and sunset times. Any South Carolina hunter born after June 30, 1979, must complete an approved hunter education course to purchase a hunting license.

Federally approved nontoxic shot (such as steel, bismuth-tin, tungsten-iron or tungsten-polymer) is required for all waterfowl hunting. The possession of lead shot is prohibited for all waterfowl hunting statewide.

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It’s the season for slippery streets and sidewalks, when just the simple act of walking from Point A to Point B can be an exercise in treachery.

With that in mind, a Grand Forks-based company has a simple, lightweight solution in the form of its DueNorth All Purpose Traction Aids. Available in small, medium and large sizes for both men and women, the devices feature tungsten carbide spikes on the soles and slip over boots or shoes to provide protection against slipping and sliding on even the iciest of surfaces.

Made of a durable rubber that retains elasticity in all temperatures, the traction aids are available in “Everyday,” “All Purpose” and “All Purpose Oversized” styles. Whether it’s ice fishing, running, working at an outdoors construction site or just stepping out to get the mail, Sure Foot’s traction aids will eliminate the need for walking like a penguin when shuffling across icy surfaces.

“People are able to decide which product is better for their needs, depending on how they plan to use them,” Jon Larson, president of Sure Foot, said in a news release.

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Online men’s jewelry store JustMensRings.com has recently introduced new wedding bands and fashion rings from the Benchmark black diamonds for men collection. These upscale bands have a decidedly masculine look that is already proving to be popular with customers, and are backed by Benchmark’s quality-driven production process and Lifetime Guarantee.

Jensen Beach, FL (PRWEB) January 03, 2013

Building on the popularity of its pre-existing collection of men’s diamond rings, online jewelry superstore JustMensRings.com (JMR) has recently added new black diamond styles from the designer brand Benchmark. Ultra-masculine yet undeniably luxurious, the selection of Benchmark black diamonds for men is an eye-catching addition to JustMensRings.

JMR’s dedication to carrying a wide and varied selection of higher end designs is evident in the new styles of Benchmark black diamonds for men. Set in precious metals like 950 platinum and 14K white gold as well as more affordable contemporary materials like cobalt chrome and Argentium silver, the designs in the Benchmark black diamond collection range from more traditional wedding bands to strikingly modern designs to classic eternity styles.

JustMensRings carries the Benchmark designer brand exclusively, and has a long-held partnership with the U.S. based manufacturer. Benchmark is known for an extreme attention to detail in the design and production processes, which includes die striking each ring, precision setting diamonds for a secure display that showcases each stone, and ensuring that each diamond ring passes through multiple operations and quality inspection points.

“We’ve had an incredible response to our new selection of Benchmark black diamond rings,” notes JMR president and owner Roy Devine. “Men love the element of luxury and the fact that they’re so different from traditional white diamonds.”

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JAN. 3, 2013 - Myanmar celebrates today its Independence Day, which commemorates the country’s freedom in 1948. Usual celebrations include a seven-day fair at Kandawgyi Lake in Yangon.

Myanmar is endowed with rich natural resources. It has approximately 250 commercially useful kinds of trees. Mineral deposits include lead, zinc, tin, tungsten, coal, iron core, natural gas, and petroleum, as well as deposits of precious stones such as rubies and lapis lazuli. The government is opening up its economy, and has intensified its economic cooperation with its ASEAN neighbors as well as with China and Japan.

Several agreements have been signed between the Philippines and Myanmar. They include a Memorandum of Understanding on a package of Assistance for Human Resource Development for Myanmar, a Memorandum of Understanding on Visa Exemption for Holders of Diplomatic and Official Passports, an Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments, and an Agreement on Cultural Cooperation.

On June 15, 2012, the second Joint Commission on Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC) between the Philippines and Myanmar was held. The JCBC serves as a venue to discuss areas of mutual interest at a ministerial level. The Foreign Affairs Ministers of the two countries met and discussed political cooperation, trade and investments, education, human rights, agriculture and forestry, tourism, culture and information.

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At the 29th Chaos Communication Congress (29C3) in Hamburg, Berlin-based security researchers Karsten Nohl and dexter presented a custom-built workstation for "microprobing" semiconductor chips. Comparable in-depth analysis tools such as those for microcontrollers and similar small computer systems often cost several tens of thousands of pounds and have so far mostly only been available in specialised labs. This type of analysis involves examining a chip's individual conductor wires or memory cells with a microscope-like setup and a very thin probe. The "probing device" enables examiners to, for example, record data and command sequences by intercepting bus signals.

Dexter explained that the custom-built workstation consists of a fixed-position microscope that can cope with large working distances to what it is working on, a large magnetic work platform, and a micropositioning system. The micropositioner is a motor-driven stage that can be moved in increments of a few millimetres to a few centimetres. Hardened tungsten needles are required on the microscope's tip to create the electrical contact with the semiconductor material. According to Nohl, who runs Security Research Labs, the overall component cost is no more than €3,000 (approximately £2,440) and will, for the first time, allow interested amateurs to do "microprobing in their basement".

The presented workstation uses a movable stage and micropositioner to place the chip that is to be examined underneath the fixed-position microscope's lens barrel; a tungsten needle is used as a probe Zoom.

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This is a setback for the LED movement, which thought it had cast tungsten lighting into history.

The EBU has warned that the post-production color correction costs required for video shot under LED lighting could outweigh the power savings compared with traditional tungsten lights. This is a setback for the LED movement, which thought it had cast tungsten lighting into history as a result of not just of the greatly reduced energy consumption but also other advantages, notably lower maintenance and heat production.

With LED technology, about 80 percent of the electrical energy is converted into light, compared with 20 percent or less for tungsten bulbs, which emit most of the rest as heat or infra red radiation. The issue, though, has been in matching LEDs to the well-known light profile of tungsten bulbs, which the industry had thought it had solved. In the U.K., the BBC has been experimenting with LED lighting for production for more than three decades, and has recently used it on the sets of popular shows such as the hospital drama "Casualty." The BBC says it has developed tests that assess the color rendition of low energy light sources, and has stated it wants to send a clear message to the broadcasting community and to its viewers about the leading role that LEDs play in sustainable low energy production helping meet targets for reduced carbon emissions.

There has been similar enthusiasm for studio LEDs elsewhere, and they have been used in the U.S. for filming popular prime-time reality TV competitions such as "Dancing with the Stars," "America's Got Talent" and "American Idol."

But now the EBU suggests it may be premature to embrace LEDs fully in the studio, even if they are now ready for the home. Problems that have been identified include inconsistencies between factory batches, insufficient brightness and inability to spotlight subjects, especially from a great distance. A further issue is that color LED lights are prone to color shifts and inconsistencies that can be especially evident when lighting people's faces.

The EBU is not suggesting broadcasters should avoid LEDs, but urges them to recognize that many new LED lights fail to perform as well as had been expected or promised. The EBU has come up with its own recommendation to help broadcasters assess how well their television lighting performs. Called R 137, and accompanied by a software-based analysis tool, this is designed to quantify how well a set of test colors is reproduced when illuminated under a given light and viewed through a standardized camera and TV system. The software compares the differences in colors produced by the light source under test with those rendered under standard lighting conditions. It assigns a value from 0 to 100 to each light tested, and that value gives an indication of how much color correction would be required to produce acceptable results with that light.

In addition to the value assigned to the light, the software also provides additional information that can be used to advise colorists on how much correction is needed. In cases where the value assigned to a light is less than 50, the results may still be unacceptable, even given a lot of correction.

This procedure is likely to be only required for a temporary period while the LED lighting industry continues to improve and refine its products. LED lighting will indeed be ready for prime-time production, but as so often with emerging technologies, not quite as soon as everybody hoped or manufactures led us to believe.

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