Before cleaning your jewelry, examine it carefully to make sure that all settings, clasps and prongs are secure. Once you've done that, you're ready to proceed.

1.Use a nonabrasive jewelry cleaner, which you can purchase at a local jewelry store. Or use a cleaning solution of mild dish soap and water.

2.Dip the jewelry in the cleaner or cleaning solution.

3.Rinse in warm running water.

4.Buff dry with a soft, lint-free cloth until it's shiny.

5.Clean the silver with a nonabrasive silver polish.

6.Apply the polish with a soft cloth, gently working it into stains.

7.Wipe away excess polish and buff the jewelry with a soft, lint-free cloth until it's shiny.

8.Keep in mind that frequently wearing silver jewelry can keep it from becoming tarnished.

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While they don't contain as much gold as a solid gold ring, Gold-filled rings still contain a significant portion of precious metal. Gold-filled jewelry is made by bonding gold to a base metal, such as brass and forming the combination into a piece of jewelry. The metal is not filled with gold, but rather it is a gold form filled with a nonprecious metal. Typically the gold is either 10 karat or 14 karat and stamped GF. Remove the gold by filing it.

1.Cut away any settings or protrusions from the ring using the jewelry saw. Cut the ring on one side and bend it open. Make a note of how much gold is bonded to the base metal.

2.Place the ring in the pan. File the gold off the outside of the ring using the barrette file. File the sides of the ring with the same file. Stop filing and move to a new section when you can see the base metal.

3.File the inside of the ring using the half round file. If the band is comfort fit or contoured, use a rocking motion while filing to get an even stroke.

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1.Gather your supplies and safety equipment. Tie back your hair and remove any dangling jewelry to avoid accidents while you are working.

2.Slice your wax in half width-wise to create identical halves.

3.Use a wax file to create an even surface on your wax halves. Set one of the halves aside.

4.Carve out a pattern in your wax with a razor or utility knife to form a mold for the piece of jewelry you want to create. The pattern should be equal to the length, width and depth you want for your finished jewelry. Alternatively, you can use another mold (if available) or a copy of the jewelry you want to make and press it down into your (softened) wax to make an impression.

5.Melt the gold with your hand torch or heated press. When using a hand torch, be sure to place the gold into a container that can withstand high heat.

6.Pour the molten gold into your wax mold, being certain to fill it in fully. Pour slowly enough to avoid being burned, but quickly enough to ensure that the gold remains molten.

7.Let the wax mold sit until the gold hardens, usually between 45 minutes to an hour. Place the mold in a press or clamp or under a heavy object to keep both halves tightly pressed together.

8.Open the mold and remove the jewelry.

9.Polish the gold jewelry using gold polish and a soft, clean cloth.

10.Add any beads, stones or gems needed to finish your piece.

11.Attach a clasp to the ends of a necklace, bracelet or anklet to complete it.

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For platinum, gold, and silver jewellery, there are many techniques to create finishes. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed, and hammered. High-polished jewellery is by far the most common and gives the metal a highly reflective, shiny look. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery and is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds. Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving "brush strokes." Hammered finishes are typically created by using a rounded steel hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture.

Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold. Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish.

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Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Among them are:
Amber
Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time. The stone must be at least one million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.
Amethyst
Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum.
Emerald
Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour. They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC.
Jade
Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in a number of other colours as well. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven.
Jasper
Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours. Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone’s pattern.
Quartz
Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). A number of other gemstones, such as Amethyst and Citrine, are also part of the quartz family. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions.
Ruby
Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. In Sanskrit, the word for ruby is ratnaraj, meaning king of precious stones.
Sapphire
The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby, and sapphire).
Turquoise
Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world’s largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone’s bright blue colour.

Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals.

Some gems, for example, amethyst, have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed. Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems,such as cubic zirconia, which can be used in place of diamond.

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In creating jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery. Bronze, for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, or silver. Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (though in the UK the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold). Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe. These high purity alloys, however, are widely used across Asia, the Middle East and Africa.[citation needed] Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver, or 92.5% fine silver. In costume jewellery, stainless steel findings are sometimes used.

Other commonly used materials include glass, such as fused-glass or enamel; wood, often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory; natural clay; polymer clay; Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will cause an English Assay office (the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval, the Hallmark) to destroy the piece.

Beads are frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood, shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces,bracelets, earrings, belts and rings. Beads may be large or small; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads, these are the beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets.

Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era, is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many African and indigenous North American cultures.

Advanced glass and glass beadmaking techniques by Murano and Venetian glassmasters developed crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (goldstone),multicoloured glass (millefiori), milk-glass (lattimo), and imitation gemstones made of glass.[citation needed] As early as the 13th century, Murano glass and Murano beads were popular.
Silversmiths, goldsmiths, and lapidaries methods include forging, casting, soldering or welding, cutting, carving and "cold-joining" (using adhesives, staples and rivets to assemble parts).

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Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons:
Functional, generally to fix clothing or hair in place, or to tell the time in the case of watches As a marker of social status and personal status, as with a wedding ring 

As a signifier of some form of affiliation, whether ethnic, religious or social.
Protection (in the form of amulets)
Artistic display
Most cultures at some point have had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or create jewellery as a means to store or display coins. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; an example being the use of slave beads.

Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles, originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished.

Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership, as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David, or of status, as in the case of chains of office, or the

Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring.

Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh), stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the Khamsa), or glyphs (such as stylised versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art).

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Jewellery or jewelryis small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes, and the term is restricted to durable ornaments, excluding flowers for example. For many centuries metal, often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used. It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact – with 100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery.The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long-lived; inWestern cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times, while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle, important in other cultues, are much less common.

Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials, but gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely used, and enamel has often been important. In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol, for its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings. The patterns of wearing jewellery between the sexes, and by children and older people can vary greatly between cultures, but adult women have been the most consistent wearers of jewellery; in modern Western culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in Western culture.

The word jewellery itself is derived from the word jewel, which was anglicized from the Old French "jouel",and beyond that, to the Latin word "jocale", meaning plaything. In British English, it is spelled jewellery, while the spelling is jewelry in American English.

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Most Swiss Army watches come with sized steel bands. If the watch does not come with an adjustable spring clasp, links must be removed from the watch band in order to change the length. The difficulty of the adjustment depends on the type of links in question. Pin links, connected with small pins, take more effort than stretch band links. If the pin link is a Capsa style band, there is a tube between each link holding the pin. Fortunately, any link can be taken out with the proper tools.

1.Measure the band around your wrist to determine how many links must be removed.

2.Identify the arrows on the underside of the watch band. These indicate what direction the pins should be pushed.

3.Place the pin pusher above the first pin of the band, where the band connects to the watch clasp. Make sure the pin pusher is the proper size for the pin in question. Tap the pin pusher lightly with the hammer to remove the pin. Very little force should be needed to remove the pin. If you meet with resistance, make sure the pin remover is lined up with the pin. Set the pin aside.

4.Move the pin pusher down the watch band to the amount of links needed to be removed. Tap the pin pusher with the hammer to remove the pin and the extra links.

5.Reattach the watch band to the claps by putting the band back in the clasp and tapping the pin back into place with the hammer.

6.Measure the band to determine the amount of links to be removed. Lay the watch down on a flat surface.

7.Bend the top flap of the stretch band up at two locations, distanced by the length you wish to remove. Turn over the band and pop out the flaps adjacent to the disengaged top flap.

8.Slide the section sideways to remove. Reattach the wanted band sections by sliding the pieces together and popping the flaps inward.

9.Follow the same steps to remove the pin as in a usual pin link. If there is a cap on the underside of the pin, use a screwdriver to gently pry off the cap.

10.Slide the tubing between the links out and set aside.

11.Replace the tube between the links in the band before tapping the pin back into place. Replace the cap under the tube if there is one.

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A stainless steel watch is a popular accessory in the wardrobes of many men and women. The stainless steel is attractive, clean and slightly reflective when cared for properly. However, when body oils and other residue settles onto the watchband, the surface is dulled. To clean and restore a stainless steel watch, learn to make a safe, effective cleaning solution and apply it properly.

1.Pour 1 tsp. water and 1 tsp. household vinegar into a bowl.

2.Dip a cleaning cloth in the mixture, and rub gently across the wrist band. The vinegar will dissolve residue and body oils on the watch band.

3.Dip a cotton swab into the mixture, and rub on the underside and between links of the watch band.

4.Use a toothpick to get into tiny crevices that the cotton swab cannot reach. Pull out all residue, and wipe the watch once more with a clean cloth.

5.Dip a clean edge of the cleaning cloth in baby oil or olive oil, and rub a thin layer of the oil over the entire watch band.

6.Let the oil sit for five minutes, then buff the watch band clean with a cloth by rubbing in small vigorous circles. This will restore shine to the steel surface.

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