Of the numerous types of salts of ordinary tungstic acid only two (the normal, of composition R₂O.WO₃.xH₂O, and the so-called para-tungstates in which the ratio R₂O:WO₃ = 3:7 or 5:12) have been accurately investigated and their existence established beyond doubt. The readiness with which one type of salt is transformed into another, and the fact that paratungstates decompose on prolonged contact with water or on heating, make exact analysis almost impossible; and an added difficulty lies in the high atomic weight of tungsten, the difference in composition of various compounds with high tungsten content being very small. It is from such causes that, although the paratungstates are recognised as a well-defined series of salts, their actual constitution and relation to the normal tungstates remains unestablished. Further, the higher acid salts such as hexa- and octa-tungstates appear to show a closer relation to meta-tungstates than to ordinary tungstates, but the nature of this has not been determined. According to Smith, tungstates of the type 4R₂O.10WO₃.xH₂O constitute another very definite series of salts.


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This division into only two groups is justified by the fact that the metatungstates show marked differences both in properties and in ionic reactivity from those of the ordinary normal and acid tungstates, whilst the latter are very similar in their reactions. The transformation of normal tungstates into ordinary acid tungstates takes place readily, whereas the formation of metatungstates - by the addition of tungstic acid or other acids to tungstates - takes place only slowly and incompletely at ordinary temperatures. Further differences between the two types of salts are found in the peculiar behaviour of metatungstates on dehydration, and in the fact that whilst normal and para-tungstates increase the specific rotatory power of tartaric acid, the metatungstates do not act in this way.


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Tungsten resin, also known as tungsten poly, tungsten rubber, tungsten plastic, etc., which is made by the composition of various resins and tungsten powder mixed together through special metallurgical technology.
This type of tungsten resins may include ABS (acryloynitrile butadiene styrene), PP (polypropylene), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PA (polyamide), PU (polyurethane), and TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), etc.. As its special high density of 11.34 g/cm3 min., tungsten resin has a perfect radiation shielding performance comparable to lead for anti-radiation shielding, and it is much healthier. Besides, tungsten resin is very easy to be cut or holed with household scissors and so much formable into shapes with various curved surfaces.
For the above properties, and also it enables to be formed in 3-dimensional mould, tungsten resin is popular for medical industry radiation protection, which is trying to replace lead radiation shielding products now, such as the fields of x-ray inspection, radiation-protective equipment, vibration suppression, acoustic (audio) isolation, etc.
 

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Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂WO₄. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid. It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal.

 

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Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2WO4. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid. It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal.

Treatment of sodium tungstate with hydrochloric acid gives the trioxide:

    Na₂WO₄ + 2 HCl → WO₃ + 2 NaCl + H₂O

This reaction can be reversed using aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide

 

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The predominant route to this salt is the extraction of tungsten ores, almost all of which are tungstates. Thus, the ores are treated with a base to give sodium tungstate, as illustrated in the case of wolframite:
Fe/MnWO₄ + 2 NaOH + 2 H₂O → Na₂WO₄•2H₂O + Fe/Mn(OH)₂

Scheelite is treated similarly using sodium carbonate.

Sodium tungstate can also be produced by treating tungsten carbide with a mixture of sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide in a fusion process which overcomes the high exothermicity of the reaction involved.

Several polymorphs of sodium tungstate are known, three at only one atmosphere pressure. They feature tetrahedral orthotungstate dianions but differ in the packing motif. The WO₄²⁻ anion adopts a structure like sulfate (SO₄²⁻).


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Tungstic acid resembles molybdic acid in that it reacts with bases to form many different types of salts. A satisfactory classification of these salts has long been, and still is, a matter of difficulty, owing to the fact that many of the compounds are only described by individual investigators, whose work is either insufficient in detail or has lacked confirmation by later workers. The existence of the di- and tri-tungstates prepared by Lefort has not been established. Laurent, in 1847, suggested that there were at least five distinct acids (combinations of tungstic anhydride with water in different proportions) with corresponding series of salts, and although the preparation and properties of all these acids have been described, it is now recognised, largely owing to the work of Riche, Scheibler, and Marignac, that only two different acids are definitely known to exist, namely, ordinary tungstic acid, H₂WO₄, and metatungstic acid, H₂W₄O₁₃.aq. The former is insoluble in water and reacts with bases to form normal di-, tri-, and para-tungstates; the latter is soluble in water and yields a well-defined series of salts, the metatungstates.


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When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of sodium tungstate until the liquid becomes slightly acid, a colloidal solution of tungstic acid is obtained. If the solution of sodium tungstate is concentrated, a white gelatinous precipitate is obtained on the addition of the acid. This precipitate, after washing by decantation at a low temperature (0° to 5° C.) with as little exposure to air as possible, may be dissolved in a concentrated solution of oxalic acid and the liquid subjected to dialysis. If the outer water is repeatedly changed, the oxalic acid may be completely removed, leaving a colloidal solution of tungstic acid.


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1, By mixing the calcium tungstate and hydrochloric acid, washed, dried and pulverized to obtain acid products.


2, By acidifing pure ammonium tungstate solution with hydrochloric acid, and then dehydrated, dried and pulverized to obtain acid products.

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Tungsten carbide tipped tools are referred to the cutting tools whose cutting edges are comprised of tungsten carbide as a separate piece of material that welded, brazed or clamped on to the tool body. Generally, the main types of tungsten carbide tipped tools include,

Milling Cutters



Milling cutters are normally applied in milling machines and machining centres. For the industrial milling applications, for instance face milling ,slot milling and profile milling, end mills as one of most popular milling cutters are widely adopted. Fly cutters also could be cataloged into this type. It carries one or two inserted tool bits which generate small facing cuts while the whole units are rotating.


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