How to cope with the international rules of rare earth China recently , WTO trade case Chinese rare earth preliminary ruling violation. This means that China will not adopt quotas on exports of rare earth enterprises manner restrictions . Reporter Peng Kefeng trainee reporter Jiang Tianhai for Chinese rare earth industry, which is still to come .

How to deal with international rules Rare Chinese

Recently, the WTO preliminary ruling rare case of Chinese trade violations . This means that China will not adopt quotas on exports of rare earth enterprises manner restrictions .

Reporter Peng Kefeng trainee reporter Jiang Tianhai

For China rare earth industry, which is still to come .

World Trade Organization (WTO) has announced the United States, European Union, Japan v. China rare earths , tungsten, molybdenum export management measures related to the case of the panel report and the preliminary ruling Chinese violations, which affect the geometry of the rare earth industry ? China how to better protect and exploit the country's rare earth resources in the context of international trade rules to adapt ?

China may still appeal

"We deeply regret the WTO ruling above . " China Rare Earth Industry Association Deputy Secretary-General陈占恒to " Science China Daily " reporters said they would report the WTO ruling specific study to assess the impact of the ruling Chinese rare earth industry and enterprises .

The ruling is based on the assessment of the panel report , but not the end result , there are 60 days time to appeal.

陈占恒said: "We have done a lot of work for the prosecution of United States and Europe , but the verdict very regrettable. Expert report has just come out of more than 270 pages, we need to be read carefully . Which conflict with WTO rules are based on the Environmental Protection provenance can exist on export restrictions , we need in-depth study of the policies and rules of the WTO . "

"' rare cases ' the typical case , a lot of problems in our country can reflect on resources, production , technology, patents, worth considering. 20 years, 23% of China 's rare earth reserves to meet the needs of more than 90 percent of global rare earths , because excessive reliance on Chinese rare earths abroad , will naturally produce demanding. " Zhang Anwen , deputy secretary general of China Society of Rare Earths to " said Science China Daily " reporters .

"We also noticed that WTO Panel approved a comprehensive resource and environmental protection measures in China for rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum related products taken . Export management measures taken by China to strengthen resources and environmental protection is part of a series of important measures . It must be emphasized that protect rare , especially valuable heavy rare earth , is important to maintain global sustainable development efforts , in line with the WTO aims to promote coordination on resources, environment and human development. " Zhang Anwen said , " In the future we have to pay a high price to govern , and therefore confidently made ​​it clear that we pay to foreign countries and contributions . "

In Zhang Anwen view, the use of Chinese rare earth rare earth consumers to obtain a high comparative effectiveness , but to the Chinese legacy of environmental pollution and ecological destruction.

"While under international trade rules , the possibility of our turnaround is unlikely, but we must show that our attitude. " Wuhan University engineering professor at the pool Ru'an to " Science China Daily " frankly , China should be audible to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests as possible.

Rare price risk geometry

Regardless of the appeal or not, China 's rare earth quota system was abolished , it seems that sooner or later. On the surface, China's rare earth export quotas in recent years is much higher than the market demand, it seems not too great.

"No matter how , we need to prevent the rare earth prices are too low , as this will affect the development of the Chinese rare earth industry . ( After the abolition of the quota system ) may reduce the risk of price and foreign manufacturers will push our prices , if the price of our own re- mastered , it might go wrong. So we have to seize this opportunity to step up research on new measures. " Zhang Anwen said so.

He further analysis , leaving a buffer of Appeals for the country , China needs to pay close attention to the introduction of management practices, industries and enterprises to strengthen self-discipline . "We are a major exporter of the resource class , once the oversupply , others will be abused , to have good internal coordination mechanisms. Sometimes in the past we sell rare or even below cost price , plus pollution control , ecological restoration cost is worth the candle . "

陈占恒think , from the market perspective, the abolition of the quota system may be beneficial to encourage enterprises to explore the international market , but will also increase the difficulty of managing resources development .

Rare is the only way to power

For the future development of rare earth industry , experts say , to deal with losing rare case , China is only from " rare big country " into a " rare power" in order to have a real voice. Only in the rare earth industry chain competitive in the international arena have influence , will not be controlled by others .

Pool Ru'an think that if we violate WTO rules final determination , the rule is the rule , we can propose changes to the rules unreasonable , but ruled that we can not simply change to China . Therefore , China should take advantage of the light rare earth mineral processing, mining, smelting and other aspects of the play cost and resource advantages. As for the heavy rare earth , countries can further strengthen the management , export restrictions . " From the species , there are many countries in the world have a light rare earth , we really want to protect the southern region of the heavy rare earths . "

However, from a long-term considerations, Zhang Anwen is proposed that China should increase investment in the future of rare earth technology development, investment in basic research , the establishment of mechanisms for research gold with collaborative innovation platform , the development of rare earth industry as soon as possible . "At present, China in rare earth raw materials are better developed , but in the application of components, parts , machine and other rare earth materials is still rather weak . Abroad can be counter this , ' you do not give me that I can not give you the rare earth components .' Therefore , China should do the manufacturing country , instead of assembling a big country . "

Pool Ru'an also agrees: " China should take this opportunity to develop application of rare earth industry , striving to become a major manufacturer of rare device , so valuable rare earth resources are effective and rational use . At the same time , we must intensify rare corporate environmental oversight . "


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Today, the rare earth market is relatively stable , although a slight upward relatively late March , less than normal market transactions , vendors shipped is not positive, willing to slightly raise the price of shipping .

Praseodymium neodymium metal market today quotes from suppliers in 41.5-42 yuan / ton, industry players said , the price edged up , but the number of transactions or less . Currently oxide, praseodymium , neodymium offer up more obvious , with votes at 32.5-33 yuan / ton. According to the Baotou Rare Earth exchange offer, the price of neodymium oxide, praseodymium today sharply upward, as of 14:00 , neodymium oxide, praseodymium prices are displayed in the 339.7-353.8 yuan / kg.

Dysprosium products market , today there are traders reflect dysprosium oxide with tickets now 1.7 million yuan / ton or less difficult to get the goods , others reported earlier high of 175 yuan / ton or more of the business has not yet made continue to rise behavior , the current market comprehensive offer is still 170-175 ten thousand yuan / ton. Another Bo suppliers dysprosia price displayed is 1814 yuan / kg.

Recent europium, terbium market was little changed , according to Ganzhou suppliers reflect europium oxide with a ticket offer is still current 4100 yuan / kg have not been adjusted since the week , trading volume is still large . According to today's Baotou Rare Earth Exchange traded price of europium oxide drastic rise in the range of 160 yuan / kg, but according to industry suppliers reflect , and will not at this price as a reference, and not truly reflect market demand, the market turnover price to be much lower . According to the business to reflect a small number of recently terbium oxide , with no ticket price at 2,700 yuan / kg , according to other merchants offer terbium oxide present with votes of more than 3100 yuan / kg.


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Between the southern provinces of Jiangxi, Fujian , Hunan, Guangdong , Guangxi, Yunnan and other mountains, rich in ionic heavy rare earth resources, this is a special rare earth deposits only a few countries , such as our own, which has proven reserves accounting for more than 90% of the world's proven ionic heavy rare earth resources.

In recent years , the South -ionic heavy rare earth mine commonly used in-situ leaching process development of rare earth . In this regard, the rare earth industry stakeholders in an interview that , although in the past the recovery tank leaching ionic heavy rare earth ore compared ionic situ leaching heavy rare earth mining process in environmental indicators has been made in progress, but the use of this technology to develop ionic heavy rare earth resources , easy to destroy mine geological structure , triggering landslides . Meanwhile, since the mine design defects , some chemicals used in the leaching process also rare risk of leakage . They called on relevant departments to be able to give attention to the potential security risks and take preventive measures targeted .

Enormous strategic value heavy rare earth

Rare is a valuable strategic resource, because of its unique magnetic, optical, electrical and other physical and chemical properties , are widely used in high-tech fields of aerospace , electronic information, the nuclear industry , new energy, advanced manufacturing , development of emerging industries of strategic important strategic significance.

Engaged in research work of production safety in Ganzhou Rare Earth Mining Co.黄紫彬, who said ionic heavy rare earth ore was discovered in the South in the 1970s , it was in the chemical weathering and other natural effects , rich in rare earth elements from the parent rock rare earth ions formed first and then the clay was adsorbed into an aqueous solution formed . And enrichment of rare earth mine in the north of a small piece of mine in a different , lower ore grade heavy rare earth south , but particularly wide distribution area. For example , in the global distribution of heavy rare earth mines in Ganzhou richest Long County and other places, the mountains and plains are dotted with almost ionic heavy rare earth resources.

" Rare is the general term lanthanum, cerium , praseodymium , neodymium, terbium , dysprosium and other 17 kinds of elements. " China Rare Earth Society Deputy Secretary-General Zhang Anwen said," lanthanum , cerium and other five kinds of rare earth elements are called light rare earths ; scandium elements generally not symbiosis with other rare earth elements , known as dispersion element , promethium are radioactive elements, So far in the rare earth minerals not found ; other 11 kinds of rare earth elements terbium , dysprosium , etc. are called heavy rare earth elements. "

Nature reserves of heavy rare earth deposit in the form of industrial rarely . Zhang Anwen said heavy rare earth known as the "King of rare earth ," is the scarcity of rare species , China's proven ore reserves of heavy rare earth ion type , only a few hundred tons, mainly for defense and other cutting-edge technology coupled with area, so a greater strategic importance than light rare earths , and the price is much higher than the light rare earths .

For example , in July 2012 the best rare earth prices , the most popular varieties in the light rare earth praseodymium, neodymium metal per ton price of 100 yuan up and down , but terbium , dysprosium heavy rare earth prices 20 million yuan per ton , respectively , 1300 million or so , you can see from the price , LREE far on strategic value.

Mining technology is now easily lead to disaster

Zhang Anwen said heavy rare earth mine south of shallow , easy to exploit . Over the past few decades , people continue to improve mining methods to explore in situ leaching out of the process, that is , without stripping and mining of ore , the first hit on a lot of holes in the mountain containing rare earth ore is then injected and recovered for leaching chemical rare earth elements , rare earth elements and further separated by chemical methods. Compared with the initial pool leaching process , rare earth recovery of this process is high, but when you do not have to peel ore mining and destruction of vegetation , labor intensity is also small, simple method has been widely used.

However, in situ leaching , liquid injection drilling drawback of this process is obvious. Zhang Anwen said that , in general, the heavy rare earth mine in the southern part of the hilly terrain topography , altitude generally between 300 meters to 400 meters, the relative height between the mountains is generally between 50 meters to 100 meters . Rock weathered granite mine to the main structure of the mountain rock itself is not strong enough .

In addition , with the in-situ leaching process rare earth mining , need to play a certain amount of liquid injection wells rich in rare earth mine in the mountains . Under normal circumstances , you need to be disposed on the mountain with hundreds of rare earth ore even thousands liquid injection wells , holes on the mountain , combined with the vibration generated in the drilling process , and will destroy the mountain was originally a stable internal structure of the state , resulting in the mountain loose .

Especially so after liquid injection wells , the worker will inject a large amount of leaching solution into the mountain , the mountain due to absorption of a large number of pharmaceutical and become soft, sticky soil mountain also decreased with increasing moisture content , maintain the balance of power structure of the mountain had also been damaged, prone to landslides accident. Adequate rainfall especially in the southern regions , repeatedly washed in the rain , had " drink enough " of the leach solution mining mountain more prone to collapse and landslides phenomenon . Zhang Anwen said that the actual situation also showed that the mountain of rare earth mine collapses, landslides and more hair.

Huangzi Bin has done this research expertise . He said that in the actual production , some producers to produce benefits as soon as possible , often used to increase the amount of fluid injected into the leach ore ways to accelerate the speed , a substantial increase in the amount of fluid injection would aggravate the already saturated loose mountain burden increases the probability of landslides , some of the rare earth mine in Jiangxi mountain landslide is so produced , which seriously threatened the mine construction and mine life and property safety of the area residents.

Process collapse risk pools exist

In general, the injection of ore leach solution after a period of time , is recycled to the loop processing of the pool, and then precipitation of ammonium bicarbonate or oxalic acid solution obtained by leaching agent treatment , thereby separating the rare earths.

According Huangzi Bin introduction , stope design , in order to make better use of its own gravity leach solution , let gravity in order to save energy and other costs, types of mines hydrometallurgical processing plant mines along the hillside pool often , by the ladder layout, pond liquor pools earlier treatment processes are generally arranged in a workshop on the higher terrain of the platform , the rest of the processing steps of the pool down sequentially arranged in the order stated .

Rare earth mine in South Jiangxi example, mine hydrometallurgical plant generally include liquor transit pool , cleaning tanks, sedimentation tanks , melting tanks and miscellaneous other types of liquid pool with Process pool. Pond based on the actual number of mine production scale , the number ranging from a few to dozens , usually in a single volume 200 cubic meters to 300 cubic meters. These multi- process cement and brick and concrete pools build from , with some compression capability . However , in the actual production process, are open-air hydrometallurgical plant operations, treatment ponds are directly exposed to the sun , Over time, wind and sun, the wall is easy to crack.

Huangzi Bin example , if a treatment tank capacity of 250 m3 , in the case of the pool fills , the wall pressure is great. Once the pond wall collapse collapse phenomenon occurred , two or three tons of liquid mixed with debris flows down from the high slope, staff will bottom , facilities pose a great threat . Thus , process tank collapse in ionic rare earth ore production process is also a source of great danger .

Hazardous chemical reagents owe specification

Hazardous chemical reagents owe specification , is another big issue during development of rare earth mine south facing . Huangzi Bin analysts say , the use of in-situ leaching of mining rare earth mine in the removal of impurities link, mining companies tend to use strong acid and other chemicals to recover the residual waste earth, scum first method is generally used strong acid to dissolve and then re- send Metallurgical plant for separation into the water , the use of strong acid is usually concentrated sulfuric acid.

Concentrated sulfuric acid has a strong oxidation and corrosion , but also has dehydration , hard -volatile characteristics, likely to cause harm to the human body, is one of the country 's strict control of hazardous chemicals .黄紫彬said some mining companies to store using metal cans of concentrated sulfuric acid , which has a bottom gate metal cans often , when used to unscrew the valve , concentrated sulfuric acid will flow . Because sulfuric acid tank is generally placed outdoors, wind and sun, easy to rust, above often no safety valve control device , these factors may result in concentrated sulfuric acid leak accident , there are security risks .

In addition , the use of chemicals in accordance with specifications , should dilute the concentrated sulfuric acid is added to water, stirring slowly , otherwise prone to the phenomenon of boiling solution . However, affected by the mine management and the quality of workers , some workers on the nature of the lack of adequate knowledge of concentrated sulfuric acid , concentrated sulfuric acid in the dilution , the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid in the water directly into the mixing phenomenon , likely to cause injury.

Mining processes and procedures needs improvement

For Southern rare earth mining security risks , interviewed experts and business people suggestions: First, the national authorities should increase investment in the southern ionic distribution of heavy rare earth mineral resources exploration , to find out the " real situation" and distribution , and thereby develop a unified development plan ; secondly , for the lack of current mining technology exists , the proposed national scientific and technical personnel and other relevant ministries and departments of geological research organizations , combined with rare earth mine geology south , to further improve and perfect the ionic heavy rare earth mining process technology ; third, establish as soon as possible and improve mine planning , process, production facilities protection and other safety norms and standards , safety supervision departments to implement the responsibility , through the organization of security checks , etc., and urge enterprises to enhance safety awareness and improve the safety level of production, At the same time increase the illegal exploitation of rare earth mine south behavior crackdown ; fourth, the use of acid and alkali rare earth mines and other dangerous goods , the relevant departments to strengthen management, establish qualification examination and approval system , and urge enterprises to establish and implement related operations , management practices , and related posts operator , to conduct specialized job skills , safety awareness training , the implementation of job evaluation .


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The addition of very small things can change dramatically change the nature, rare earths are called "industrial vitamin" , and is widely used in hybrid cars , energy-saving appliances , light emitting diodes (LED) and smart phones and other products. Xiao Bian I, as has been tracking the development of LED industry , for China this year will host the Western Pacific Naval Symposium , the Pacific Rim countries will participate in this forum. Its members are the United States , Australia, Canada and several Asian countries, including China and Japan. For this event , in particular, are concerned about the issue of Nature , Xiao Bian found an article on rare earth news appeared in the LED industry , said the United States and Japan to reduce dependence on the mainland LED phosphor rare earth prices dropped by 52 to 83 %. In order to understand what is China's rare earth pit or pit the people themselves , the survey wrote some rare problems present in China, Japan and the United States between .

As is known to all , China Rare Earth once as a military and diplomatic bargaining chips external , in 2010 suddenly stopped exports to Japan of rare earths , Japan has become a symbol of China's venture representative . And China in the East China Sea over the designated air defense identification zone , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited the Yasukuni Shrine by the end of that , but it does not appear the topic of rare earth. Also recently , in 2014 by the China International Conference NdFeB Rare Earth Industry Association and the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo and other materials jointly organized March 3, 2014 , held in Ningbo , the participants of the rare earth prices and supply shortages in 2011 is still soaring fear. Dr. Harada Industry Association of Japan Hideki magnetic appeal , no longer appear rare earth crisis .

Rare crisis over?

September 2010 , in the East China Sea Chinese fishing boat collided with Japan Coast Guard patrol boat incident as an opportunity , China resorted to stop exports of rare earths to Japan of rare earth diplomatic card . Dependence on Chinese rare earths up to nearly 90 percent of Japan's rare earth suddenly caught short , industry chaos. Until the state has been in short supply until the summer of 2011 , rare earth prices soared to 20 times .

Rare high prices also sparked the United States, Canada and Australia in the global rare earth mining boom. Japanese companies diversify procurement channels in order to intensify , the trading company "double day" from the fall of 2013 began importing rare earths from Australia. Toyota Tsusho is scheduled to start this year in India over rare earth production . Accelerate technology development to reduce rare earth usage, recycling of rare earth extraction also appears to expand domestic waste equipment from "urban mines " in the . 2012 imports of rare earths to Japan last year , compared with almost halved , prices fell to fifth peaks. As Japanese companies to ensure that the rare earth reserves in Sino-Japanese relations have cooled to avoid the end of the chaos occurred.

Today, the industry generally believe that " the biggest victims of the embargo is China itself ." Suddenly stop supplying not only lost the trust of the international community , in addition to reducing the impact of exports by volume, China has more than 100 rare earth companies were forced to sharply cut and cut .

The weather the storm through self-help efforts in Japan becomes increasingly powerful. However , Extraordinary Professor Institute of Industrial Science , University of Tokyo Okabe withdraw special is that " Japanese companies in sourcing rare and can only be Chinese pinched neck ."

Traps hidden in the " rare earth" in this collectively . Although referred to as rare earth, but if broken , then the world is widely mined including seven kinds of light rare-earth and reserves of 10 kinds of heavy rare earth, a total of 17 species. After the collision , the Japanese companies to ensure that the rare-earth alternative sourcing mainly for the light rare earths, and heavy rare earth remains almost entirely dependent on Chinese exports.

As a representative of heavy rare earths , dysprosium indispensable in improving the high temperature performance of hybrid and pure electric vehicles equipped with a high-performance magnet aspects . Though as technology advances , the amount of dysprosium vehicle use has decreased, but the growing popularity of electric vehicles if the total amount is difficult to appear reduced.

America, Japan and rare earth crisis is still

Although the continent from 2014 rare earth export quota of view, representing a decrease of approximately 30% in 2013 , mainly due to exports of rare earths in 2013 is lower than the actual amount of that year 's quota , the 2014 quotas are adjusted accordingly . Also, according to industry research of rare earth observation monthly price changes associated with the LED cerium rare earth metals, metal yttrium , terbium oxide , in March 2014 the price was reduced rates were 38.1% , 0%, 41.3% , if the 2012 compared highs , down as much as 52 to 83 percent , this display with LED phosphors past tense situations expensive now appear soothing .

As a national procurement heavy rare-earth measures from outside China , Japan has sought to diversify alternatives , such as rare earth ore imported from Australia, India, investment in the production of rare earth, even to replace other materials such as rare earth , rare earth hope that the mainland monopoly position in the world gradually less . If the supply interruption from China , Japan will lose a steady procurement of heavy rare earth means.

And light rare earth there are also risks . When used in glass polishing cerium , after the embargo affected by the collision of the growing popularity of alternative grinding methods significantly reduce the amount . Cerium- light rare-earth mine output accounted for about half of the mixture . If the maximum yield of cerium -based sales and reduce production plan will result in the same output of mines and high-performance neodymium magnet material for optical lenses reduce the liquidity of lanthanum .

Rare earth industry stakeholders said "Although Japanese companies after the collision has been trying to reduce the amount of rare earth , but due to the current development of new uses, but appeared to increase usage ."

It is understood that the Japanese government pointed out that " Japanese companies is forgotten the pain , a sense of crisis, China 's dependence weakened . " industries are eager to supply and demand and the Sino-Japanese relations can be stabilized as soon as possible rare .

According to Xiao Bian understood , mainly in downstream applications of rare earth magnetic materials, nickel-metal hydride batteries, fluorescent lamps , oil and car exhaust catalysts five areas ; wherein the nickel metal hydride batteries, fluorescent demand accounted for about 30 %. Lost a nickel-metal hydride batteries, fluorescent lamps market , the economic effects of rare earth supply companies will be affected . For example , the rare earth fluorescent lamps are replaced , the market will reduce the demand for europium , terbium, yttrium and the like. Who should have the rare earth industry , smelting , interdependence and common prosperity with a total loss of consciousness interests of the community , for the upstream companies have a reasonable and lasting profit outlook , avoiding exploit in order to achieve win-win cooperation whole industry chain .


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Insiders told reporters that the current round of rare earth Shouchu twists and turns , finally settled. This week to determine the reserve price , the new self- storage business , resulting in changes in the overall number of purchasing and storage . Insiders said that in the first instance against the background of the rare earth WTO , adopt a market -based means to replace the original export quotas , tariffs and other means of administration of the color darker more urgent to control the rare earth resources , the government is likely to accelerate the integration process is expected to rare earth industry .

Higher than expected revenue reserves or

Minmetals ( Beijing ) Co., Ltd. Rare Earth Research Institute at April 2 , April 3 , April 4 consecutive times listed price of rare earth oxides , including neodymium oxide, praseodymium prices rose to 385,000 yuan from 360,000 yuan / ton.

According to the reporter , at present, the State Reserve Bureau has signed an agreement with the purchasing and storage of rare earth aluminum , Minmetals , Steel, Jiangxi thin, Xiamen Tungsten and Rising colored . Insiders said that the signing of the agreement means the purchasing and storage of rare earth has been officially finalized, but the official documents did not come down , companies can not disclose specific details. The average price from the previous six-month term, the price of purchasing and storage of rare earth market price should be at least 10% higher .

About Shouchu quantity above insiders told China Securities Journal reporter , in addition to maintaining pre- agreed amount of outside , each purchasing and storage unit according to 30% of reserves from the reservoir , so the number or the rare earths will be more than 13,000 purchasing and storage tons. He also revealed that reserve price will be determined this week , but did not explain the specific date .

According to the Ministry of Statistics , in 2013 , the country's total control of rare earth mining index was 9.38 million tons. Insiders said the purchasing and storage of rare earth if we really have a positive impact of 1.3 million tons of rare earth prices will be .


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World Trade Organization (WTO) panel report released recently rare cases , finds China 's rare earth export taxes and other related products and export quota management measures for violations. Introduction of rare earth export quotas and export taxes from illegal mining management measures under the mandatory plan , smuggling chaos and loss caused by low resources and environmental pollution problems.

World Trade Organization (WTO) panel report released recently rare cases , finds China 's rare earth export taxes and other related products and export quota management measures for violations. Insiders said that although losing or a foregone conclusion, but the rare earth industry consolidation in recent years has led to significant improvement in the industry ecosystem .

Lost or foregone conclusion

After the WTO Panel Report, China Rare Earth Industry Association immediately stance on China's rare earth products for WTO -related measures do not conform to WTO rules and WTO commitments ruled deeply regret , the specific content of China Rare Earth Industry Association report will be studied assess the impact of the ruling on the results of China's rare earth industry and related businesses.

Metallurgical Research Institute of Guangxi Liu Chen said that although the WTO ruling makes "regret" , but the industry has been psychologically prepared for this result . On the one hand there are similar to the " losing " a precedent in 2012月底1, WTO appeals panel of experts had confirmed that Chinese export restrictions nine kinds of industrial raw materials, the behavior of bauxite, coke and other violations of trade rules . On the other hand , according to its WTO commitments , China can take steps to impose export tariffs on 84 tariff lines of products, but rare earths , molybdenum related products are not WTO tariff commitments of 84 products listed may impose export duties , tungsten products which contains only one heading .

According to WTO rules , China's right to appeal within 60 days , the final results will be made ​​after 3-4 months . Division of Treaty and Law Department of Commerce issued a statement also said that China is evaluating the report panel decisions , the case will be resolved and make proper follow-up procedures under the WTO dispute . Many industry insiders said, from the current situation, even if the final results of the appeal is likely to remain unfavorable for our future, China will cancel or reduce rare earth export quotas and tariffs .

Some experts said that more worrying is that from 2012 nine kinds of industrial raw materials and then export restrictions of rare earth against illegal sentenced in a row tasted the "sweetness ", the Western countries may continue to wield weapons of Appeal , for non-ferrous metals other areas outside the trade commenced litigation, export of strategic resource management system will be a fundamental impact .

The upstream end of the upturn

Although the cause for the release control of smuggling rare " black market" re-emergence of concerns still exist, but the respondents said that the integration of rare earth in China in recent years has been paying off the upstream end , the effective regulation of rare earth chaos , even if you release the impact of export controls on rare earth industry might not be too large.

Introduction of rare earth export quotas and export taxes from illegal mining management measures under the mandatory plan , smuggling chaos and loss caused by low resources and environmental pollution problems.

Wanlian securities nonferrous metals researcher Li Weifeng said that in recent years , China has successively promulgated a series of rare earth industry consolidation measures, especially since 2010 , China's rare earth policy turned from simple trade management pay more attention to the management of the production side , the flow ends . At the same time continue to implement the export management system , strengthen the upstream end of the market access, environmental supervision , integration of resources , established Minmetals , Chinalco , Rising and other large group led development pattern ; in the middle end , through a dedicated invoice management , and strengthen the circulation of smuggling and other maintenance order .

In addition to Jiangxi, Inner Mongolia and other traditional areas , the Guangxi resource-rich but not yet fully developed regions through the integration of resources and effective protection of the environment . In 2008 , after the establishment of Nonferrous Metals Group Rare Earth Development Co. , 2011 Guangxi Nonferrous with Chinalco and its holding Grirem and jointly set up Chinalco Rare Earth Development Co., Ltd. Guangxi Nonferrous . After its establishment, the place of mine liquid injection technology for technology improvements, and achieved good results in preventing landslides , the destruction of the old mine for reclamation rehabilitation is also effective.

To learn how to use the rules

Although China has expressed rare earth reserves are not as high as expected outside world , but considering the cost advantage and value advantage in terms of medium and heavy rare earth production of light rare earths , China will long remain quite competitive in the international rare earth market. Insiders said that , in response to Europe continued to impact on China's trade in rare earth and other strategic resources , the right to speak with the resources to match , both to further accelerate the pace of industry consolidation , but also learn to use the rules to better grasp the initiative.

China Rare Earth Industry Association Deputy Secretary-General Chen Zhanheng that, to avoid export release significant impact on China 's rare earth industry and rare earth -rich region , we must strictly control various capital for investment and development of rare earth mine , the use of large enterprises and Resource Group integration, maintenance status of international pricing of rare earth .

Chen Zhanheng proposed rare earth resources in each province of rare earth industry consolidation , " the development of the subject should be less not more" , we must adhere to the principle of " not all businesses can be mined rare earth" , but should strengthen access system managed by qualified , have the capital strength of large enterprises to co-ordinate the exploitation of rare earth resources development .

Liu Chen said , we need to continue to enhance learning, skillfully control the international multilateral trade rules , and use it to implement counter-measures against a number of countries , and actively participate in the formulation of new rules on unfair trade rules to promote improvements and fixes for China -related development of the industry to create a good international environment.


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U.S., EU, Japan sued China rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum export restrictions , China has put forward " protecting the environment " is a very Western way of saying to the defense , and the final stand of the U.S. side of the WTO . WTO ( World Trade Organization ) ruled against China . British " Financial Times" said, " This is a major victory for the U.S. , EU and Japan made ​​", while Japanese media is unashamedly commented , "China 's strategy failed completely ." Indeed, the Chinese rare earth export restrictions has once again been cut violations, gave a great deal of good in Europe and America and other countries, this is the entry point , China's exports of strategic resource management system may face shocks.

In accordance with the usual Western view, the development of high-tech is a rare indispensable strategic resource , from smart phones to missile guidance are inseparable "industrial vitamins ." But over the years, China has to account for only 23 percent of the world's total reserves reserve supply 95% of the world 's rare earth production , not only low prices was like " selling gold potatoes price" , there is a huge environmental cost to pay . When China began to realize that the problem is serious restrictions of rare earth exports , the United States and Japan has shown impatience , one after another to say "no ."

Why WTO restrictions on U.S. and European strategic resource policy blind - Europe and the United States understands the road win . In general, WTO members must comply with the freedom of trade , the treatment of undifferentiated rules. But in terms of Section 21 of the WTO GATT has proposed : Allow members for reasons of national security, as a trade exception handling ( referred to security exceptions ) . It is based on the security exception to the rule , in 1996 , in the United States -led Western countries to develop a " Wassenaar Agreement ", " Wassenaar Agreement " communications mechanism aims to improve conventional weapons and sensitive dual-use transparency items and technology transfer to assist member States regulate the export control laws and regulations, to prevent the proliferation of sensitive items and technologies related . Member States, including the world's major arms-producing and exporting countries , including the United States, Britain , Japan, France, Germany , Russia and other 34 countries.

Ukrainian military in close cooperation , in addition to the transfer of large projects outside the " Varyag" No. This is a landmark in ships, tanks, aircraft power system, especially the engine , the performance of the most prominent. Currently many gas turbine DN/DA-80 Chinese surface ships , including the "Varyag " was included, as well as " Chinese Aegis " destroyers used by the Chinese for the development of Pakistan , " Khalid " Main battle tanks used for diesel engine 6TD-2E, the new generation advanced trainer aircraft used by the Falcons -15 engine AI-222, as well as suitable plateaus helicopter engines are from Ukraine. But Ukraine is also a member of Wagner agreement . Americans may be needed to prevent some of the weapons and ordnance Ukrainian exports to China .

Since China has been excluded under the guidance of the "Wassenaar Agreement " important to master the world of military technology and products developed countries have been severely restricted Chinese imports, " Control List " of scarce resources , advanced technology and equipment. For example, some foreign high-end five-axis machine tools critical software on limiting exports to China , and even the installation site using department also has limitations .

Practice tells us that China should learn from the experience of developed countries , the use of good safety exception WTO rules , the early establishment of strategic resource management and control systems in line with the core interests of our country in order to prevent a similar situation from happening again passive .

In addition, we must clearly realize that involve core national interests of technology can not be obtained from the normal economic and trade , and a great and self-esteem of the nation also must not fantasy gifts of others , otherwise sooner or controlled by others , and ultimately trampled. So, today and in the future , China will continue core technology areas also staged a " break the foreign monopoly" amazing miracle. ( Pictured Merkel of Germany 1735 Mini China Map drawn to Xi Jinping .)

WTO preliminary ruling against China's rare earth litigation , litigation in the last two years , we see that part of the country -

By the name of "fairness " and seeking their own interests

By the end of March , the U.S. and Japan on the EU lawsuit against Chinese export quota of rare earth and other management measures related products filed with the preliminary results , the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruled against China . The ruling received a US-Japan EU welcomed before they complain that China 's export restrictions enable Chinese enterprises to gain an unfair advantage. However , in this two-year litigation, we see it is part of the country in the name of fairness , abuse of international rules , a double standard , seeking their own interests.

Over the years, there are rare earth industry , " gold" , in the field of cutting-edge technology and defense are widely used. If the 20th century was the century of oil , then the 21st century is the century of rare earths . However, due to other reasons related technology , environmental technology as a key raw material in the rare earth mining process has caused great environmental damage .

In fact , the U.S. reserves of rare earth -rich, rare earth mining was once a big country , but recognizing the high environmental cost of rare earth mining after the United States adopted a series of measures to halt the rare earth mining . In China, more than 90% of long-term supply of rare earths to the global market , has paid a heavy environmental price . To this end, China has adopted a series of policies and measures remediation rare earth industry , which is completely out of the need to protect resources, environment and sustainable development. Rising prices of rare earth , rare earth goodbye to the West " cabbage price " era , they shouted unfair . While China 's share of global long-term to 36% of the total rare earth reserves , supply the world market with more than 90% of the rare earths , which is fair? For them this quiet , " fairness" is undoubtedly fair to call pseudo : only focus on their own economic interests , but they ignore the environmental costs of other countries.

Formulation of international rules is to make between countries to peaceful coexistence and common development. But in today's world , some countries are not only self-restraint rule , but the abuse of the rules , a double standard in order to safeguard their own interests . The lawsuit initiated by the United States against the EU is China 's rare earth export restrictions policy , but it is ironic that they also take such measures. The EU was trying to be a similar policy Naruduoha Round negotiations on non-agricultural market access framework , natural gas and other resources for the United States to adopt similar policies . After the outcome of the proceedings out of the U.S. " Foreign Policy " magazine for American policy tucao a lot , claiming that if the "rare earth " with " natural ", " Chinese enterprises" replaced " U.S. companies ", then Washington will find that their future will also be subject to this ruling .

The reason why some countries by the name of "fairness" , the abuse of the rule , the reason lies in the formulation of the rules they are dominant . Such a rule itself has limitations and can not achieve true justice. As a developing country , how to better protect their own interests in international trade, the rare case of losing to us sounded the alarm.


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Some offer rare rose slightly , although the actual demand has not improved significantly lower purchases no improvement , but manufacturers still moderately raise its offer to test the market response. Currently the demand side of the market to wait and see , few purchases , expected short-term steady-based rare-earth prices , temporarily difficult to change significantly.

Dysprosium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax 165-175 yuan / ton, dysprosium iron mainstream manufacturers tax price 170-180 yuan / ton.

Praseodymium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 570,000-580,000 yuan / ton. Neodymium oxide 315,000-325,000 yuan / ton.

Lanthanum oxide manufacturers tax price 21,000-22,000 yuan / ton. Cerium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 21,000-22,000 yuan / ton.

Neodymium oxide, praseodymium mainstream manufacturers tax price 315,000-325,000 yuan / ton , praseodymium , neodymium metal mainstream manufacturers tax price 410,000-420,000 yuan / ton.

Fluorescent europium oxide mainstream manufacturers tax price 4,000-4,200 yuan / kg. Terbium oxide phosphor grade mainstream manufacturers tax price 3,000-3,200 yuan / kg.


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Those who oppose the enemy , we will support ; whatever the enemy supports , we will oppose it.

In a recent rare public battle , we can easily see similar expressions . We see the British media said China Rare failure is a major victory for the West achieved , we see Japanese media said China 's strategy failed completely , we often thwarted by a great mood and annoyed , brain rising from strong nationalist sentiments , while lost calmly .

For example, we are that this is a conspiracy Europe and other Western countries to China , is China 's encirclement ; such as we are considered , WTO is a tool for Western countries to implement the strategic encirclement of China , to escape encirclement way is completely out of the WTO, self-reliance , their own play your own . Some people even suspect the existence of some degree of losing diving ingredients. These specious argument is not entirely without factual support , will become more confusing .

These include the fact that , the appellant is the rare case indeed in Europe and America , is the cause of their complaints preliminary WTO ruling against China . But the solution is not emotional nationalism, and should be replaced by self-examination , to find their own problems and shortcomings . Since joined the WTO, recognized its framework, we must learn to adapt to the rules and use the rules to resolve the crisis itself , rather than relying on the tragic sense of rendering nationalist sentiment , and then cover up the problem solving and accountability .

Logical source of tragic consciousness , our rare earths from the world's highest storage capacity of a sharp decline in the world's first relegated to third in the world ( the most common argument is that from 80% to 23% ) , a result like cabbage price Like cheap sale and disorderly exploitation , and when we realize that these restrictions ( quotas ) , the Western countries not to accept a trade war from open play . This time we failed even sit real judgment being bullied .

But tragic consciousness without contributing rare case in our favor . Reasons leading to this decision is made ​​WTO , China's rare earth export quotas imposed , this practice is a violation of WTO rules . Although the practice of WTO members , there are many restrictions and export quota system to take precedent , and even lack of certain commodities lock-up measures will be taken , but returned rare cases , these cases may not be able to as an example . It is also connected to a lot of Chinese trade experts hope for a successful appeal is not the reason.

Although the reason , we have taken the export quota system has a natural and reasonable : Environmental Protection . Needless to say, the past few decades, we have cheap disorderly exploitation on the environment caused great damage. But the quota system , it is difficult not to become WTO litigation handle, and this handle in recent years have not played a substantial role ( exports under quota ) , some have accordingly called on the opportunity right now to cancel the quota system . From the current reality, a quota system is not really a good idea , we want to take a more clever way to protect the environment .

Another feature of environmental protection for the purpose of the quota system is that it is from the export sector restrictions. We should also think about is why many countries have sufficient storage capacity , but only if we export in large quantity , and only we are forced to adopt export restrictions . Do not restrict mining countries only partly explain the reasons , I believe that a more fundamental reason is that they do not have a very strong urge to sell . Mining process in the past and we are cheap disorder , the destruction of the environment of unbridled process , with the big sale of the corresponding resource . Even today, still difficult to suppress local governments, businesses, and stealing by mining impulse.

This gives us an idea of ​​open - when we export restrictions , or implementing environmental protection objectives , from production processes limit rule more than the limit from the export sector to circumvent the WTO. While we put the rare earth as a national strategy , comprehensive measures from the mining areas to the export sector , but more practical to limit mining areas . From the quota system , in addition to losing the WTO , but also did not play a relevant role . For example, due to the primary products subject to quota restrictions , some countries began to take up plants in China in the guise of resource exports. To strengthen the management of production processes is particularly important .

Behind these measures should still be given full respect of the country 's rare earth strategy. In this rare big debate, another plausible idea that the reason we restrict exports of rare earths because the rapid decline in the proportion of storage capacity in the world , and if it turns out there is no accounting for the decline is not should not continue restrict exports of rare earths ? There is an article also said that China is not the shortage of rare earth reserves of light rare earths and heavy rare earths , are equivalent to the consumption of the world's end in 1000 , the rare earth has become a general resource ; there are many companies to inform the media , rare earth is not in short supply.

Since rare earths have been included in the national strategy , I do not intend to do more to explore the views . I think that , even if the argument is not shortage of establishment , is still just starting arguments with respect to the exploitation and use of capacity in terms of volume , that does not mean we ought to indulge wanton exploitation of cheap exports of rare earth , does not mean that we sell fine roughing machining realistic in relation to international trade buying continues , not the protection and use of strategically .

Strategic protection of rare earths , should continue. If the appeal fails , the quota system was canceled foregone conclusion . Although I believe that the abolition of the quota system is not the end of the world , should not be given too much fear, we still have a few months to take advantage of this grace period , re-adjust strategies to prevent the disorder occurs after the abolition of the quota system industry again and barbaric growth conditions . We must be soberly aware that losing face and blase smell and there are many .


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I was on the village of Yongding County or Township , since the beginning of the second half of 2013 our village at the junction with West Township horse Ishiyama foot ( Hill tube attached to our village, private -owned ) someone in the private mining rare earth mine , put us on the village drinking water contaminated ( with the water bath will pockmarked from the body , itching intolerable , think the villagers drank the water that happens ) , raised fish pond , creek where the fish are all dead , mine damage to vegetation .

We reported several times to the government did not completely resolved, the county government leaders have repeatedly sent law enforcement brigade County Land Bureau to regulation , but they are flirtation , nowhere near it, it just hook the PVC pipe break , do not hurt The fundamental , it is not the real thing . Law enforcement unit , the stealing by 2-3 days in advance to know, and then put the equipment moved to other places important to the law enforcement team was gone, who has openly stealing fanfare production .

Perhaps some leaders have been bribed ? Law enforcement officers are in cahoots the team ? Sadly , what a pity Yeah , so do not act, so let malfeasance by stealing more crazy now , and now those who are stealing our villagers openly challenge the " just tell you to go see if you can win the case to me, eggs and stones can touch it? " so arrogant. Hope superiors attention to this situation , but also we a mountains .


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