Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is an arc welding process that uses a tungsten electrode within the welding gun. The difference between metal inert gas (MIG) welding and TIG welding is that the electrode does not contribute material to the weld. A separate welding rod is used to add material to the weld if it is needed. Argon is generally used as a shielding gas for TIG welding operations. TIG welding is most often used to weld stainless steel, aluminum, and other non-ferrous metals.

Basic TIG Welding Technique
To create a TIG weld, the welder holds the electrode at a 10 degree angle from vertical, with the electrode pointed in the direction of the weld. This is called the "push" method, and the process "pushes" the metal along the weld. This position also maintains optimal coverage of the shielding gas, resulting in a clean, consistent weld. The welder must maintain a short distance between the electrode and the work piece while preventing physical contact. TIG welding is considered more difficult than MIG welding or gas welding processes. The welder moves the electrode around in a small circle until a pool of metal is formed, and then he begins a cyclic process of moving the electrode forward and adding filler material as needed. The process continues until the end of the weld is reached, and the welder pulls the electrode away from the work piece, allowing it to cool.

Hot Wire Technique
The hot wire technique includes pre-heating the filler wire to increase the rate of melt of the filler material, resulting in more material being deposited into the weld. The energy from the arc is used solely to heat the work piece, rather than requiring a diversion of some of the energy to melt the filler wire. This method is used for thick welds where a significant amount of filler material is added.

Pulsed Current Technique
Pulsed current TIG welding is used on thin pieces such as sheet metal where excess heat can cause burn through or warping. The power supply cycles through two levels of voltage. The higher level of voltage causes the material to melt, and is then allowed to cool during the period of lower voltage. This process can be automatically programmed for specific weld rates to maintain lower heat levels in the work piece.

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The art of welding requires some key insights into the nature of energy and chemistry. For example, if you are trying to weld together two metals, you need to know at what temperature the metals may melt and merge together at. A common example of such a situation is welding together tungsten and silver to form an alloy.

Nature of Tungsten
Tungsten is a highly reactive element. It is used to help in the welding process by heating an electrode made of tungsten. The electrode is heated to temperatures up to 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It is noted that at such high temperatures tungsten tends to be slightly radioactive. It is recommended that the welder wears a respirator so he does not breath in radioactive gases.

Welding Process
Clean off and sand the tip of the tungsten electrode. This removes all moisture from the element and will help it rise to immense temperatures. The welding process that tungsten is used for is categorically called brazing. This is because the tungsten melts off and merges with the new element, in this case silver.

More alloys
Having a pure silver and tungsten alloy is possible, but welders might find it hard to process this alloy without more elements in the batch. It is suggested that elements such as manganese, cadmium or tin are added. Even though there is an elemental benefit to having more products in your alloy, each element has its drawbacks. Tin could create a relatively weaker alloy compared to cadmium, but cadmium is a hazardous element. Manganese is generally thought to be the best element to utilize in the brazing process, but it can often create a "gummy" metal before it hardens and cools.

Design and Support
If the alloy is being created for a design, such as a part for a device or an art project, it is recommended you support the metal through the welding process. The extreme heat may make it difficult for the metals to retain the desired design and shape you want. Therefore, welders should, in some way, have the silver anchored down or supported on the welding table. A work clamp connected to the table can act as a support for the metal. The clamp holds down the metal as you weld.
 

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Tungsten-copper is used to make composite materials for heat sinks in computers and other electronic devices. The materials can be mounted to computer chips or ceramic bases.

Properties
Tungsten-copper materials conduct heat efficiently without the excessive expansion that would present problems when mounted to other materials. Copper by itself has high thermal expansion properties, making it unsuitable for such applications unless combined with a material such as tungsten.

Powder Form
Tungsten and copper do not form an alloy because their melting temperatures are very different. The composite material is instead made by mixing metal powders. They are then heated and injected into a mold for heat-sink manufacture.

Heat Sinks
Heat sinks are used to conduct heat away from computer chips and integrated circuits, preventing thermal damage. Depending on the electronic device, heat sinks come in different sizes and shapes. Tungsten-copper composites, with copper content (by weight) of 15 to 20 percent, are often used to make heat sinks.

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Tungsten bulbs, particularly tungsten halogen bulbs, are among the most popular bulbs for use in indoor photo shoots. Tungsten bulbs are ready available, fairly inexpensive, predictable and create a warm tone. Tungsten bulbs, while most commonly used in black and white film photography, can be used by virtually any photographer regardless of experience.

Instructions

1
Keep your tungsten lights mounted on safe and stable stands, as tungsten lights burn hotter than other types of bulbs. If a bulb falls or is brushed by a person or object, it can quickly start a fire. If you are rearranging your light setting, moving light stands or working with the bulbs, turn them off and unplug the power source to prevent accidents.

2
Choose the right film for the job. Tungsten lights are most commonly used with black and white film photography, as the light warms the image. However, it color photography, tungsten lighting can add a slightly red hue. Therefore, if using tungsten lighting in color photography, be sure to choose tungsten films designed for this type of lighting.

3
Dim your tungsten lights while setting up the photograph and focusing you camera, turning the lights to full strength only to take the shot. Tungsten light burn very hot and will quickly disturb you, your assistants and your live subject. The bulbs will also burn out quickly if left on full strength. Never use tungsten lighting when shooting plants, animals or insects and the heat is too much.

4
Create dramatic lights and darks in your photos with a simple tungsten light set up of your choice. While other forms of lighting can easily fill a room with light, tungsten tends to focus light only where directed, which can be used to the photographer's advantage in a controlled setting. If you would like to flood-fill the room with light, it is best to use additional light sources, such as natural daylight or other types of bulbs.

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Steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, comes in many varieties. Mixed with other metals, it takes on different properties. Tungsten was one of the first metals used to improve steel. It adds strength to steel over a wide temperature range.

Alloys' Value
Metals that have been mixed to obtain materials with new properties are called alloys. Mixing steel with small amounts of other metals, such as vanadium, cobalt and tungsten, contributes strength, hardness and corrosion resistance.

Tungsten Properties
Tungsten, like iron, is a basic chemical element. It stands up to heat better than any other metal, having the highest melting point, 6192 degrees F (3695 C), and the highest tensile strength at temperatures over 3000 F (1650 C). It also expands less than any other pure metal from heat and has high resistance to corrosion.

Applications
Cutting tools, such as drill bits, produce great heat from friction. Tungsten, added to steel in amounts varying from 2 to 18 percent (along with small amounts of molybdenum and vanadium), maintains the metal's strength at high temperatures. Called high-speed steel, it goes into making drill bits, milling bits, saw blades and other tools.

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Tungsten carbide and titanium both have become popular for use in men's jewelry in recent years. On first inspection these two metals may seem very similar, but in fact, there are many differences between the two, including the weight, ductility and price of the metals.

Cost
The price of titanium jewelry is generally much lower than the price of tungsten carbide. This is due to the equipment, labor and time required to achieve the desired appearance of tungsten. Another factor that contributes to the higher price of tungsten is the temperature required to melt and form the metal, which is 6000 degrees Fahrenheit. A specialized environment, such as a vacuum, is needed to achieve this temperature.

Ductility
Ductility is the amount a material will deform in response to stress. The ductility of titanium is greater than tungsten carbide. This means that if a titanium ring is subjected to a great stress, such as being run over by a car, it would bend out of its round shape. A ring that is constructed from tungsten carbide would completely shatter.

Allergic Reactions
For most people, titanium will not cause an allergic reaction. Some wearers may suffer an allergic reaction to tungsten carbide that contains the alloy cobalt. Interestingly, nickel, another alloy that utilized in tungsten carbide, does not cause an allergic reaction in people who are otherwise allergic to nickel.

Hardness
Both tungsten carbide and titanium are harder than gold, silver and platinum. This is because the alloys used in both metals offer strength to these metals that under most circumstances are virtually indestructible. If jewelry made from tungsten carbide and titanium were placed under extremely abrasive conditions, such as the cut of a diamond, a tungsten carbide ring would prove stronger than the titanium.

Weight
Titanium is generally lighter than tungsten because it has a lower density. On average, tungsten carbide is 90% heavier than stainless steel, while titanium is around 43% lighter than stainless steel.

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Tungsten disulfide is commonly known by its chemical formula, WS2. Tungsten disulfide can be used as a dry lubricant for mechanical parts, and is often preferred because it can be used within a wide range of temperatures and will not introduce contaminants into the machinery.

Sandblasting equipment can be used to apply the lubricant. Otherwise, WS2 can be applied with a buffing wheel. If the WS2 can be mixed with wet lubricants in your application, it may be added to oil or other lubricants. If you are applying WS2 to small parts, a tumbler may be used.

Instructions

Buffing

1
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

2
Mix the tungsten disulfide powder with rubbing alcohol in a small glass jar. Start by pouring in just a small amount of alcohol and mixing thoroughly with a spoon. Keep pouring more alcohol until you have a grey paste.

3
Spread the paste onto the part and the buffing wheel. Allow them some time to dry thoroughly.

4
Turn on the wheel and press the part up against it, turning the part and buffing it until the part is coated a grey color.

Tumbling

5
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

6
Put several of your small parts or bullets into the empty aspirin bottle.

7
Fill the bottle three-quarters of the way up with tungsten disulfide.

8
Place the bottle in the tumbler. Turn the tumbler on for approximately five hours.

Add Tungsten Disulfide to Lubrication

9
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

10
Mix some tungsten disulfide in with fresh lubrication, oil or grease.

11
Grease the part, change the oil oar and apply the new lubrication. The tungsten disulfide will slowly coat the parts as the lubrication moves through the machinery.

Sand Blasting

12
Clean the part with a rag to get all of the grease off.

13
Blast the part with a light layer of aluminum oxide.

14
Clean the part off with a clean soft cloth so there is no trace of aluminum oxide powder.

15
Set the sand blaster to 120 PSI and to cold pneumatic air. Blast the tungsten disulfide onto the part until the part becomes a silver-grey color.

16
Clean the excess tungsten disulfide dust off with another clean cloth. Do not rub too hard or you will remove the powder.

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Tungsten jewelry has gained popularity due to both the modern look that the metal provides and its ability to resist scratching and bending.

Characteristics
Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a gray transition metal that is mined in Europe, North America, South America and Asia. Along with its use in jewelry, the element is also used in electric lamps, X-rays and in the development of spacecraft.

Jewelry
In its raw state, tungsten is a very brittle metal that can be easily cut with a hacksaw. In order to create jewelry such as a ring or bracelet from tungsten, it must be strengthened. This is achieved by combining tungsten powder with carbon and another metal such as nickel or cobalt.

Use
Due to the weight of tungsten jewelry, it is not typically used in earrings and pendants. It is more common to find tungsten carbide in rings, bracelets and watches. Jewelry made from tungsten will resist scratching, bending and stretching better than gold or silver.

Appearance
Tungsten carbide jewelry features a darker hue that can be polished to resemble hematite. When mixed with nickel, the resulting appearance is similar to that of platinum.

Care
Due to the metal's ability to maintain shape and shine over time, very little care is required for tungsten jewelry. Retailers of tungsten carbide jewelry caution against cleaning with chemicals or with ultrasonic cleaners, suggesting soap and water instead.

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Tungsten carbide has become one of the more popular nontraditional rings. Known for its strength and durability, the symbolism of tungsten carbide in wedding rings is undeniable. However, there are a number of rings on the market that are made using cobalt, rather than tungsten carbide, and that can create an entirely different sort of ring.

Tungsten Carbide
Tungsten carbide in its normal form is nothing more than a powder. Both tungsten powder and carbide powder have to be brought together and forged at very high temperatures to create the necessary bond that will result in a tungsten carbide ring. This process can be difficult and expensive, but it yields a high-quality product that will last for a long time.

Cobalt
Many rings that claim to be tungsten carbide are actually cobalt and carbide, or a mixture of tungsten, cobalt and carbide. Cobalt is much easier to form a bond with, and the forging can be done at a lower temperature for less cost.

Effects
There are a lot of downsides that come along with a tungsten carbide ring that has cobalt in it. For one thing, while you wear it, the cobalt in the ring will react with the natural oils produced by your skin. Cobalt rings will change your skin color, and over time they'll develop permanent oxidation spots that you'll never be able to scrub away. The rings might look nice at first, but within a week to a month depending on how much you wear it, the chemical reactions will occur and ruin its look.

Signs
There aren't many ways to tell just by looking at a ring whether or not it's pure tungsten carbide or a tungsten carbide and cobalt combination. The price is one of the most telling features, because rings made with cobalt are usually cheaper in price. The best way to make sure that you have a genuine tungsten carbide ring is to get a guarantee from the manufacturer, so that if your ring does have cobalt in it you can get replacement at little or no charge.

Finish
Tungsten carbide rings are extremely strong and durable, and the same goes for their "permanent" finish. Pure tungsten carbide rings don't dent, scratch or lose their shine very easily. A tungsten carbide ring with cobalt in it will, however, so if you've bought a tungsten carbide ring that's lost its shine, even after a thorough cleaning, chances are there's cobalt in it. 

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Sterling silver and tungsten are both becoming popular jewelry choices, especially in wedding rings. Both of these strong metals have pros and cons that should be considered before purchasing, but both make for attractive rings and jewelry.

Scratch Resistance
Rings made from stainless steel and tungsten are both difficult to scratch and damage. Tungsten, however, should hold a shine indefinitely once it is polished, whereas stainless steel may become dull.

Removal
Unlike stainless steel rings, tungsten rings cannot be cut off in the event of an emergency. Tungsten rings can be removed quickly if necessary, but they must be cracked and broken off rather than cut.

Resizing
Neither tungsten nor stainless steel rings can be re-sized. They must be replaced if they become too loose or too tight over time.

Allergies
Stainless steel rings can trigger an allergic reaction if they contain nickel. This is not an issue with tungsten rings.

Availability
Stainless steel rings can be more difficult to find at local jewelry stores as it is only starting to become popular in jewelry.

Weight
Tungsten rings are much heavier than rings made from stainless steel and most other materials.

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