Humidity Sensor Using A Mixture of Ammonium Paratungstate Pentahydrate and Aluminium Sulphate

This paper describes an attempt to develop a ceramic humidity sensor having an approximately exponential dependency of its AC conductance on relative humidity and having a short response time. Ammonium paratungstate pentahydrate [(NH4)10W12O41.5H2O] and aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3.16H2O] mixed in different wt% are used to make thick films. It is found that the AC conductance of the thick film with 40 wt% of ammonium paratungstate pentahydrate shows an almost exponential relationship with relative humidity. SEM and XRD studies are also carried out on the film to look at the nature and constituents of the samples.
 
Studies on ceramics for use as humidity sensors have been a field of research for the last two decades. Porous ceramics have been investigated and used as humidity sensors for consistency and durability. In particular, ammonium paratungstate pentahydrate (APT.5H2O) has consolidated its position as a humidity sensing material  and a humidity sensor. On the other hand, recent studies on aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3.16H2O also enhance the possibility of its use as a humidity sensor. Here, the humidity dependency of the AC electrical conductance of thick films of APT mixed with aluminium sulphate in different proportions is investigated. The response time of the sensor is also measured. The SEM and XRD studies on the sample are carried out in order to know the structure of the samples and to identify the constituents of the samples. The results are presented and discussed in this paper.

Determination of Bismuth in High Purity Ammonium Paratungstate by Coprecipitation-Hydride Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

A method for the determination of bismuth in high purity ammonium paratungstate by coprecipitation-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry has been proposed. Coprecipitation of bismuth with lanthanum hydroxide was to be separated and concentrated. It was found that the bismuth could be recovered after two times of coprecipitation. The optimum experimental parameters,and the effect of coexistent elements on the determination of bismuth were investigated. The detection limit and determination limit of Bi were 0.020ng/mL and 0.012 μg/g respectively. The recoveries were 92.8%~108.4% and the RSD was 4.6%.The method can be applied to analyzing the trace bismuth in high purity ammonium paratungstate.
 
In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation is specifically the precipitation of an unbound "antigen along with an antigen-antibody complex".
 
Coprecipitation is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In gravimetric analysis, which consists on precipitating the analyte and measuring its mass to determine its concentration or purity, coprecipitation is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. This problem can often be mitigated by "digestion" (waiting for the precipitate to equilibrate and form larger, purer particles) or by redissolving the sample and precipitating it again.
 
On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element. Since the trace element is too dilute (sometimes less than a part per trillion) to precipitate by conventional means, it is typically coprecipitated with a carrier, a substance that has a similar crystalline structure that can incorporate the desired element. An example is the separation of francium from other radioactive elements by coprecipitating it with caesium salts such as caesium perchlorate. Otto Hahn is credited for promoting the use of coprecipitation in radiochemistry.

Infiltration Time Effect on Tungsten Copper Electrode Properties III

Viewed from the electrical conductivity of tungsten copper electrode, it is increasing with the infiltration time. We can learn from the graph that infiltration time from 30 min to 80min, the conductivity of tungsten copper alloy from 32.12% IACS to 38.6% IACS. While the infiltration time continues to increase, the conductivity was reduced from 38.6% IACS to 32.58% IACS.

This is due to the conductive properties of tungsten-copper depends mainly on the copper content and connectivity, as time increases, the amount of copper was infiltrated increases, more evenly distributed organizations tungsten copper, tungsten copper electrode conductivity correspondingly improved. But if infiltration time continued to increase, after that tungsten particles begin to grow up and there may arise organization copper pool, which causes the uneven distribution, so the hardness and conductivity of tungsten copper electrode will decrease.

tungsten copper electrode

Annealing Process Effect on Tungsten Copper Electrode Properties

After infiltration cooling rate has a great impact on the copper layer quality, too fast cooling will be easy to produce pores and tiny cracks. Meanwhile, due to the furnace temperature unevenness, the copper layer thickness of products are not easy to be uniform, so it requires the use of a copper infiltrated after annealing treatment, which further improving the performance of a tungsten-copper electrode. Some experiments shows that annealing process has a great influence on the electrical conductivity of tungsten copper electrode, there is a table of the electrical conductivity of W-25Cu tungsten copper electrode at different temperature.

tungsten copper electrode

Thermal Polycondensation of Ammonium Paratungstate

Connected with the examination of the thermal polycondensation of ammonium paratungstate pentahydrate the chemical and morphological properties of intermediate phases formed during the thermal decomposition of APT have been investigated. We have studied the pH and the turbidity of the aqueous solutions of the intermediate phases, the solubility of the phases, and their rehydratation capability as well as the morphology of the crystallite granules and the grain size distribution. These properties of the original APT have been related to the same properties of the products of decomposition formed between different temperature ranges. The results obtained show unambiguously that each of the above mentioned properties suddenly changes in the temperature range 225 to 250°C. This temperature range coincides with the formation temperature of a new phase called APT II. The most probable formula of APT II is (NH4)8 [H2W13O43(OH)2]·H2O.

 

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