Tungsten Bronze PZT Actuator Hysteresis Characteristics

With the development of nano-measurement technology, studies on enable multiple degrees of freedom nanometer positioning fretting table have caught more and more attention. Micro-table driving elements selection and use have a direct impact on the ultimate performance. Currently, there are many kinds of small displacement driving elements used in practice. And piezoelectric actuators has become one of the most widely used driving element in micro-positioning control areas for its small size, light weight, low the driving voltage, high precision and displacement resolution, fast frequency response, no heat, no noise, large capacity and other characteristics.
 
However, the inherent nonlinear characteristics, hysteresis characteristics and creep properties of piezoelectric ceramic material, have greatly limited the further improvement of piezoelectric actuator positioning accuracy, wherein the hysteresis error has the maximum impact on the accuracy. Therefore, how to improve the piezoelectric actuator hysteresis characteristics has become the most important issue need to be resolved of our ultra-precise positioning. In this regard, experts and scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research and put forward a series of theories and methods to improve its characteristics. The methods to reduced latency in the drive open loop or semi-closed loop control currently proposed are: (1) The charge control method; (2) Connecting in series of small capacitance at both ends of the piezoelectric ceramic ; (3) Preisach model; (4) Generalized Maxwell model; (5) Polynomial approximation model; (6) Making capacitors and resistors as bridge. These methods control mostly through the establishment of complex mathematical models.
 
In this study, a new kind of hard piezoelectric actuator with tungsten bronze structure was used. Compared to soft perovskite piezoelectric actuators, hysteresis characteristics and creep error of this driver are greatly improved, especially the performance is relatively stable on the aspect. According to the main reason of generating hysteresis in the deformation process in their domain structure and crystal structure, some scholars have proposed a new "anti-hysteresis" driving method. "Anti-hysteresis" driving method can greatly reduce the impact of driving piezoelectric ceramic actuator hysteresis error, which can be used in high precision open-loop control of the micro device of which the process does not require continuous positioning, which greatly improves the hysteresis characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic drive.
 
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A Brief Introduction of Tungsten Granule

Tungsten granule is a flux which is major applied to the high frequency infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer. Therefore, tungsten granule also known as tungsten flux or pure tungsten flux. After processing the tungsten metal into some tiny particles, tungsten flux can be produced. The purity of tungsten granule is very high, it can reach more than 99.95%. And the size of tungsten granule is 20-40 mesh. As a flux, tungsten granule has good fluxing effectiveness and a stability analysis. Tungsten granule has been widely applied to the electronic chemical industry.

The shape of tungsten granule is polyhedral particles with bright gray color. Tungsten granule is mainly made of above tungsten. Tungsten is easily oxidized into tungsten oxide which belongs to acidity element and benefits the release of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. In 1781, tungsten is a kind of mineral which was found by the Swedish chemist and mineralogist named Clance Tate.

There exist very low impurity elements in tungsten granule. The carbon element is less than 0.0008%, the sulfur element is less than 0.0005%, and an oxygen element is less than 0.05%. Therefore, tungsten granule has a high purity. In the most cases, tungsten granule is packed 1000g a bottle. The weight would be different due to the different specifications.

With the rapid development of modern science and technology, according to the demand of the production process, tungsten granule is widely applied to metallurgy, welding, and other analytical testing process. Nowadays, tungsten flux is the most indispensable fluxing materials for Infrared analyzer or other analyzers to measure the content of carbon and sulfur. It would release about 195.8 kcal / mol of heat when it start to oxidized with oxygen under a temperature greater than 650 ℃. Therefore, it has a strong fluxing effectiveness.

tungsten granule

 

Tungsten Darts Casting Skills

We can see many uses of hidden weapons in a lot of costume drama, such as darts, needles and so on. Crack shot hit rate and precise hits are amazing. Until now, the hidden weapon has developed into a darts-based recreational sport, and gradually gaining in popularity, and produced many of the worlds’ major darts league. Many people like to play darts to relax while exercise their bodies at their leisure time. Due to the excellent casting stability and good wear resistance and corrosion resistance, tungsten darts become leader of various materials’ darts in the world. How to achieve better score when using tungsten dart, the casting skills can be summarized as follows:
 
1. It is appropriate to hand tungsten darts in the center of gravity, such as to grip calligraphy brush. But different people have different senses to control the tungsten dart, so it can be adjusted according to their most appropriate angle.
 
2. The tip of tungsten dart should have a slight upward angle, because when casting the dart out, it would have a small parabolic, tilting the dart tip slightly upwards can make the tungsten dart arrival the dart board in a vertical state.
 
3. When casting tungsten darts, you should keep your body and arm intact, using your hand, wrist and forearm to give darts power, so it will be flight more stably.
 
4. You need to concentrate on the dart board when casting dart, relaxing your mood, holding dart natural uniformly; so the dart will not fall off from the hands, and you will do better when playing.
tungsten darts' gripping method

 

Applications of Tungsten Granule

The main application of tungsten granule is to analyze the Infrared carbon and sulfur oxide. The tungsten granule can also be applied to analyze the content of the carbon and sulfur of iron or metal. As a flux, the characteristic of tungsten granule is stability, and it can also reduce the melting point of comburent or promote the release of carbon and sulfur.

Tungsten particles can also be used as an additive in Infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer. The characteristic of Infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer is a high instantaneous heating, besides, the speed of its reaction is fast. Tungsten granule not only acts as a flux, but also adjusts the PH (potential of hydrogen) of the medium. In addition, the tungsten granule also has many other effects, such as stirring and anti-jamming. The tungsten granule of Infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer can make the values of carbon and sulfur more accuracy, so most Infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer consider tungsten granule as an additive.

With the rapid development of tungsten industry, tungsten granule industry has been widely applied in many fields. However, there are still many problems in applications of tungsten granule. For example, the utilization of tungsten granule resources is lower, and the irrational exploitation of tungsten would cause the ecological environment pollution. To solve these problems, enterprises should improve the recycling of tungsten granule.

tungsten granule

 

Advantages of Tungsten Darts Sport

A darts sport is a popular sport for all ages and is very useful for healthy exercise. For modern people, urbanization greatly reduced the places where would allow people to free movement and do exercises. Fast-paced life, busy work makes people less and less concern for exercising, physical health also will be worse. Especially for white-collar workers, they are long-term sedentary in the office, having no time to exercise and then it will also be easy to bring some health problems.
 
Darts is a kind of sports that assembled with a set of exercises of visual, brain, wrist, joint etc., its benefits are that it can train our visual muscle, regulate the nervous system and improves the visual body muscles and brain linkage. Darts will not take up a lot of space; we just need to put a dart board in the office, and play it at rest time. Not only can soothe the body muscles, but also can play a role in cheering bad mood, and enhancing our attention. When we mentioned darts sport, tungsten dart can not be separated, and then what kind of darts is better for darts sport? The answer is tungsten darts. It has high density, good stability, and small probability encountered by the air resistance during the flight and therefore it would not have the problem of deviating from the route. Tungsten darts can be made into a variety of different styles and attractive appearances and can be easy to carry. The metallic color appearances and rich texture of tungsten darts make it the accessory of a darts sport. In short, the benefits of tungsten darts sport are numerous, but its essence is to make people happy.
tungsten darts

 

 

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