Tungsten Alloy Beta Radiation Source Shielding

Tungsten Alloy Beta Radiation Source ShieldingTungsten alloy beta radiation source shielding can be used for shielding beta radiation released from the use or preparation of beta radiation source with its great radiation shielding ability. Beta radiation source , also referred to as beta source, is a radiation source with the main characteristics as emitting beta particle of it, that can be used to test the thickness and density of a item(such as a paper), and conduct the clinical surface treatment. It can be prepared by radionuclide, such as  T, 14C, 22Na, 58Co, 63Ni, 85Kr, 32p, 90Sr, 90y and 147pm, etc. when radionuclide decays, the nucleus would be transformed into another nucleus by emitting electrons and neutrinos, and releasing large amounts of beta particles. Beta particles can be used for treating health conditions such as eye and bone cancer and are also used as tracers.

Beta particles are a type of ionizing radiation which can produce radiation. Being composed of charged particles, beta radiation is more strongly ionizing than gamma radiation, and more strongly penetrating than alpha radiation. Beta radiation is able to penetrate skin to cause radioactive damage. Once it into the human body, it can change the structure of struck molecules and chemical equilibrium of the cells. In most cases, such change can be considered to be damage, with results possibly as severe as cancer or death. If the struck molecule is DNA, it can cause spontaneous mutation, fetal malformation, congenital leukemia. Therefore, it is need to use a tungsten alloy beta radiation source shielding to shield and absorb the beta radiation, in order to effectively prevent people using or preparing the beta radiation source from radiation damage.

Tungsten alloy beta radiation source shielding is made of tungsten alloy. It has a great radiation shielding effectiveness, so that can shield and absorb radiation in a high degree. Tungsten alloy is a tungsten-based alloy joining other elements, for its high density, high melting point, high temperature strength, good creep resistance and good electrical conductivity, it is widely used in a lot of fields. Compared to traditional radiation shielding materials such as lead and boron carbide, tungsten alloy radiation shielding provide excellent density with small capacity. At the same weights high density alloy can provide the same energy absorption as lead using 1/3 less material. Thus, tungsten alloy shielding is the best choice.

 

Industry Standards of Tungsten Crucible for Semiconductor Devices: Inspection Rules, Marking, Packaging, Transportation and Storage

Related industries also put forward some standards for tungsten boat for semiconductor device, such as test methods, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation and storage and other aspects.

tungsten cruciblesAfter the preparation of the tungsten boat, it should be transported through strict inspection standards. Firstly, the test batches of the product must be the same types which have the same ingredients and produced in the same production process. When test products, people should test them seriously in accordance with the standards to ensure that products meet in all aspects of the standards requirements. Within two months of receipt of the product, the demand side should check products in accordance with the standards. If there exist some problems which do not meet the standards, customers can communicate with suppler.

The inspection for chemical composition of tungsten boat must be analyzed in the chemical composition of a sample in each batch of material. In the case of non-compliant, then the docimaster should analyze chemical composition of the sample, and then averaging it. If it still cannot meet the standards, it is determined that this batch of tungsten boat unqualified. Tungsten boat density test can be taken the same way to the test of the chemical composition. Tungsten boat specifications and surface quality should be one hundred percent inspection.

When packing the qualified tungsten boat. Every 10 wrapped in brown paper, in order to prevent the tungsten boat surfaces from being scratched or breaking. Then ut it into a plastic bag, 20 bags for a box, 4 boxes for a wooden case. Shock-proof scraps of paper should be filled with wooden case, and finally pack it up with iron sheet which can reinforce the wooden case. Inside the packaging boxes of products, material name, batch number, size, quantity, imprint of inspection department, inspectors stamp, date of production and name of the manufacturer should be indicated. Outside the packaging boxes of products, the name of the manufacturer, product names and specifications, quantity, and date of manufacture should be indicated.

In transit, pay attention to handle it. Although there are shock-proof scraps of paper in wooden case, but it still needs to prevent the product from being squeezed, crashed. Before shipping, it is better to have knowledge about the weather conditions, in case rain and snow which would cause product get cold. Therefore, the wooden cases should be place in a dry and ventilated shelves, the relative humidity must less than 65% without any alkalis, acids and other harmful gases.

Supported WO3-Based Oxidative Desulfurization Catalyst

WO3 desulfurization catalystOxidative desulfurization process consists of two steps: Firstly, oxidize the organic sulfur compounds in the oil into polar sulfone substance; secondly, separate the sulfone substances to achieve the purpose of desulfurization by adsorption, extraction and distillation methods s. Wherein the transformation of sulfone substance is the key step.
 
Sulfone is a group organic compound which contains sulfonyl, and often combined S with two carbon atoms (e.g. two hydrocarbons or simple divalent), generally the stable crystalline compounds, can be generated by the oxidation of organic sulfides or other methods.
 
Supported WO3-based oxidative desulfurization catalyst is achieving deep desulfurization by the oxidation catalyzed reaction of organic peroxide and sulfur heterocyclic aromatic compounds under mild conditions. The preparation program is under a hydrogen atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere, plasma treatment supported tungsten trioxide based catalyst.
 
Preparation process are as follows:
1. The equal volume dipping method to prepare supported WO3/SiO2 catalyst: Weigh 0.852g of ammonium metatungstate and dissolved in 9ml of dubbed deionized water to form a solution and dripped drop by drop into the 3g silica with stirring;
2. Static in the room temperature for 12h, and then dried at 120°C for 4 hours;
3. Raise the temperature by the rate of 2V/min to 500 ° C, calcined for 5 hours to obtain the tungsten trioxide silica supported catalyst, wherein the loaded tungsten trioxide amount is 20% of the mass fraction of (of the total catalyst mass meter);
4. Under Ar atmosphere, treating the WO3/SiO2 catalyst with plasma;
Put 2mL of catalyst in the dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor; control the Ar gas flow rate at 100mL/min under normal pressure; discharge frequency of plasma is about 10kHz; the input voltage of 50 volts; the input power of about 15 watts for 30min, and then get the supported WO3-based oxidative desulfurization catalyst.

 

Industry Standards of Tungsten Crucible for Semiconductor Devices: Brands, Types, Specifications, Technical Requirements

tungsten cruciblesTungsten boat is formed by tungsten sheet through high-pressure tungsten which has a good electrical conductivity, so it is widely used in kinescope, mirror making, toys, household appliances, mobile phones, electrical enclosure and other electronics industries. In recent years, tungsten boat for semiconductor devices has also been given considerable attention by the public. Semiconductors are crystalline or amorphous solids with distinct electrical characteristics, using special electrical characteristics to complete the specific functions of electronic device. Therefore, related industries develop the relevant standards for tungsten boat for semiconductor devices. The followings include brands, models, specifications, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, mark, packing, transportation and storage.

Grades of tungsten boat can be named as WZO in according with the chinese phonetic alphabet "wolfram" and "boat". Tungsten boat models can be express as "V" and "U", different types of each model use the Roman numerals Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ to represent. Tungsten boat specifications should be express in number in the format "- the wall thickness of the boat - the boat width." Applications should correspond to the marks and models. For example, WZO-V-Ⅰ-02-17, its brand is represented by WZO, V-type non-pressure side with 0.3mm tungsten boat wall thickness, 15mm tungsten boat width. Except that, the surface quality of tungsten boat should always keep in a clean condition, the color is silver-white metallic luster without any cracks, stratification, lack of edge and other defects. All parts of the tungsten boat cannot have glitches. Performance of tungsten plate used by tungsten boat should accord with the national GB3875 requirement. Using the accuracy of 0.02mm caliper and 0.01mm micrometer to measure tungsten boat size, according to national standard GB4196 tungsten boat standards. The weight of tungsten boat should be weight in a balance with a 0.2g sensibility of balance. If the chemical composition of tungsten boat is qualified, it is no need for measuring the melting point.

With the rapid development of tungsten boat for semiconductor devices, the threat of environmental pollution of tungsten boat is also rising. Tungsten compounds such as tungsten carbide dust, tungsten oxide, tungsten carbide, and tungsten boat have a great impact on health which would cause inflammation of eyes or skin and some respiratory diseases such as asthma, if people deal with it for a long time. 

WO3 Used for Ultra-Deep Oxidative Desulfurization Catalyst

desulfurization catalystSulfur compounds present in the oil refining process will not only make catalyst in the cars and purification system irreversibly poisoned, but also the Sox into the combustion air can cause serious environmental problems such as acid rain; in addition, the new fuel cell applications also require extremely low or zero sulfur content, thereby, the removal of sulfur compounds has been increasing interested subject.
 
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) technology is currently the commonly used of oil desulfurization technology in the industry, which the working principle is converting organic sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide the hydrogenation and then discharging out, thus to achieve the purpose of desulfurization. HDS has good removal efficiency for most sulfur compounds, but has the difficulties such as large investment, high costs, lower quality of oil and its impact on the thiophene sulfide removal. Therefore, a novel of oxidative desulfurization (ODS) technology with advantages of mild operating conditions, low investment and low cost of thiophene sulfides effectively remove has attracted much attention.
 
The expression of this kind of ultra-deep oxidative desulfurization catalyst is: [HqSexMyOz], wherein, M maybe on behalf of W, Mo, Ti, V, Ru. Tungsten trioxide because of its unique properties, often as a catalyst in the petrochemical industry, it can be used as a raw material for preparing such a catalyst.
 
It used in the preparation of ultra-low sulfur oil maybe display by the following steps:
1. Place the oil, 0.02% ~0.2% the amount of oil quality of [HqSexMyOz], 1~20 times (molar ratio) the amount of sulfur content of the oxidant and solvent in the reactor, carried out a reaction at 20°C~80°C, under normal pressure, with stirring for about I0min and then stop stirring;
2. Recover oil, catalyst and solvent by separating, and removing the oxide product by means of certain post-treatment to obtain the ultra-low-sulfur oil.

 

 

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